Question 1

Developmentalists understand that expressive language is ________ receptive language.

Accepted Answer

Expressive language involves the ability to produce and communicate complex thoughts, ideas, and information, whereas receptive language involves the ability to understand and comprehend language. Therefore, expressive language is generally more complex than receptive language.

Question 2

Implicit memories are automatically stored and retrieved without apparent conscious effort.

Accepted Answer

Implicit memories are often unconscious and do not require intentional effort to store or retrieve them. Examples include motor skills, habits, and emotional associations.

Question 3

Caleb likes to take his fork and bang it on different surfaces to make different sounds Based on Piaget's substages, we can assume that Caleb is:

Accepted Answer

Caleb's behavior of banging a fork to explore different sounds aligns with Piaget's sensorimotor substage 5 (tertiary circular reactions), which occurs between 12 and 18 months old.

Question 4

At dinner, Matthew's sister, Carly, makes a silly face when she doesn't like what she puts in her mouth. The next night Mathew imitates the facial expression Carly made the night before when he tastes a food he does not care for, exhibiting:

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information, such as facts, events, and experiences. In this case, Matthew is consciously recalling the facial expression that his sister made the night before when she tasted a food she did not care for.

Question 5

Accommodation and assimilation underlie the development and refinement of mental structures Piaget referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Piaget defined schemas as mental structures that help individuals organize and understand their experiences. Accommodation and assimilation are the processes that underlie the development and refinement of these schemas. Accommodation involves modifying existing schemas or creating new ones to fit with new information or experiences. Assimilation involves fitting new information or experiences into existing schemas. Therefore, A) schemas is the correct choice.

Question 6

Infant and child development involves maturation of both receptive and symbolic language ability.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Infant and child development involves maturation of...

Question 7

Receptive language describes language an infant can understand but can't produce.

Accepted Answer

Receptive language refers to the ability to comprehend or understand language, even if the infant cannot yet produce the same language themselves.

Question 8

Memory research suggests that early memories are:

Accepted Answer

Early memories can be both implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious). Implicit memories are typically formed during infancy and early childhood, and are often related to physical skills or emotional reactions. Explicit memories, on the other hand, are conscious recollections of events or information and typically develop later in childhood. Both types of memories are important for understanding human development and cognition.

Question 9

________ and ________ are two processes that facilitate cognitive development in infancy and later stages of development.

Accepted Answer

Assimilation and accommodation are two key processes proposed by Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Assimilation refers to the process of integrating new experiences into existing schemas (mental structures), while accommodation involves modifying existing schemas to fit new experiences. These processes are critical for cognitive growth and adaptation throughout life.

Question 10

Courtney is assessed by a developmentalist to be operating at the final sensorimotor substage, according to Piaget's model. Courtney is able to:

Accepted Answer

The final sensorimotor substage (18-24 months) involves the development of symbolic thought, allowing children to form mental representations of objects that are not present. This means Courtney can perform actions like picking up and shaking a rattle (A), talk about objects not currently visible (B), and anticipate outcomes based on past experiences, such as expecting a jewelry box to play music (C).

Question 11

During infancy, "time to habituation" is correlated with IQ; _____________________________.

Accepted Answer

Time to habituation refers to how quickly an infant stops responding to a repeated stimulus. A faster habituation time indicates that the infant is processing information more efficiently and may be indicative of higher cognitive ability. Therefore, the faster the habituation occurs, the higher the infant's IQ is.

Question 12

Billy has had the same mobile hanging above his crib since he was born. When his mother lays him down for a nap, Billy does not look at the mobile likely because he has become _________ to what was once a novel stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Habituation occurs when an organism becomes familiar with a stimulus and reduces its response to that stimulus over time. Billy's lack of interest in the mobile suggests that he has habituated to it because it is no longer a novel stimulus for him. Sensitization, on the other hand, would increase his response to the stimulus, while dishabituation would involve a renewed response to the stimulus after habituation has occurred. "Gotten used to" is a less technical description of habituation.

Question 13

Tammy talks to her baby niece in high-pitched tones, using simple, repetitive words. Tammy is using _________________ to communicate with her niece.

Accepted Answer

Tammy is using infant-directed speech, also known as "motherese" or "baby talk," which is a way of speaking to young children that is high-pitched, exaggerated, and simplified. This type of speech is believed to help infants and young children learn language more easily.

Question 14

Susie is 6 months old; she likes to pick up her rattle and shake it. According to Piaget, Susie is in the _____________ of sensorimotor development: ________________.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the third substage of sensorimotor development is characterized by the infant's ability to coordinate their actions with objects, such as picking up and shaking a rattle. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 15

Explicit memories involve a clear, observable conscious effort to recall an event or information.

Accepted Answer

Explicit memories involve conscious effort and awareness in retrieving information or events, as opposed to implicit memories which are unconsciously stored and retrieved without intentional effort or awareness.

Question 16

Prior to Rovee-Collier's work, it was believed that infants could not form and store long-term memories before __________months.

Accepted Answer

Prior to Rovee-Collier's work, it was believed that infants could not form and store long-term memories before 12 months.

Question 17

Baby Giuseppe has learned that, when he is lying on his mat, if he kicks his foot a sound will play. If he is just lying on the floor he cannot make the sound. Giuseppe's understanding of his experience relies on:

Accepted Answer

Giuseppe's understanding is based on implicit memory, which involves unconscious memory or learning, such as the association between his action (kicking) and the outcome (sound) without deliberate effort to remember or learn this association.

Question 18

________is the process by which response to a stimulus is reduced.

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process by which an organism's response to a stimulus decreases over time after being exposed to it repeatedly. This is different from sensitization (option C), which is the process by which an organism's response to a stimulus increases after being exposed to a strong or noxious stimulus. Dishabituation (option A) refers to the recovery of a previously habituated response after a change in the stimulus, while specification (option D) is not a relevant term in this context.

Question 19

In the car Jenny's mom always plays classical music. Jenny is bored with it and no longer pays attention. One day Jenny's mom plays a rock-and-roll song. Jenny shows strong interest in the music. Jenny is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Dishabituation is the increase in responsiveness to a stimulus that is novel or different from the accustomed stimulus. In this scenario, Jenny is used to classical music as her mom always plays it in the car. When her mom switches to rock-and-roll music, it is novel to her, and she shows a strong interest in it, indicating dishabituation.

Question 20

_______ involves a heightened response to a stimulus, usually because it is novel.

Accepted Answer

Dishabituation is the process of an organism showing a heightened response to a stimulus they have previously habituated to, usually because of a novel stimulus that interrupts the habituation process. Therefore, option B is the correct choice.

Quiz 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy