Question 1

Before starting at university, Erica had mostly worn khakis and button-down shirts.Now, after being at university for a few months, she has begun to modify her wardrobe and now mostly wears ripped jeans and T-shirts.Erica has undergone the process of

Accepted Answer

Erica has modified her wardrobe to adapt to the new social environment of university, which is an example of accommodation. She has not completely given up her previous style, so it is not assimilation. There is no indication in the scenario that a symbolic representation is taking place. Instructional scaffolding involves providing support and feedback to help someone gain new skills or knowledge, and there is no evidence of that process occurring here.

Question 2

According to the definition of learning, how could a researcher ever show that cognitive learning had taken place in a subject?

Accepted Answer

According to the definition of learning, it involves a change in behavior based on experience. Therefore, measuring a behavioral change that can be directly tied to a previous experience is the best way for a researcher to show that cognitive learning has taken place in a subject. Removing the conditioned stimulus or measuring brainwave patterns may provide evidence of learning, but they do not directly measure behavioral changes. Relying on an intuitive feel is not a reliable or scientific method for measuring learning.

Question 3

In the 1960s, Jerome Bruner suggested the term ________, which stated that people learn based on progressing through three stages.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the 1960s, Jerome Bruner suggested the...

Question 4

John wants to teach his dog to do tricks such as 'sit up,' 'roll over,' and 'fetch a stick.' By systematically rewarding his dog for responding in the correct way, John is able to accomplish great progress over a 30-day period.John was able to teach his dog using which of the following learning processes?

Accepted Answer

John is using instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, by rewarding his dog for desired behaviors. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring reflex, and extinction conditioning involves removing or withholding rewards to decrease a behavior. Stimulation conditioning is not a recognized learning process.

Question 5

Frank is sitting in his Psychology 101 class listening to his lecturer attempt to explain the 'black box' process and its connection with learning.He suddenly smells the aroma of fresh cinnamon rolls and his mouth begins to water.He looks around and sees a student in the last row bite into a large cinnamon roll.'I wish I were sitting next to him,' Frank thinks, 'because I know I could steal a bite'.What Frank just went through in class was similar to the 'black box' process being described by his lecturer.What learning has taken place in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Frank's response to the smell of cinnamon rolls (mouth watering) is a conditioned response, which is a key concept in behavioral learning, specifically classical conditioning.

Question 6

What type of learning theory emphasises that people are problem solvers who actively use information from the world around them to master their environment?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning theory emphasizes that people actively use information from their environment to solve problems and master their environment. This theory highlights the importance of perception, attention, memory and decision-making processes in learning. Instrumental, classical and operant conditioning theories, on the other hand, emphasize the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior.

Question 7

________ memories relate to events that are personally relevant; therefore, a person's motivation to retain these memories will likely be strong.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memories relate to specific events and personal experiences, making them personally relevant. These memories are often accompanied by emotions, making them easier to remember. Therefore, a person's motivation to retain these memories will likely be strong. Sensory memories relate to sensory experiences, such as sights or sounds, and may not be personally relevant. Primary memories refer to the first memories encoded, and elaborative memories involve creating meaning and connections between information.

Question 8

On her first visit to China, Jane did not know how to pay for the produce she had selected at a market.She watched several Chinese women pay for their selections and then Jane copied their behaviour.In this example, Jane used ________.

Accepted Answer

Jane used modelling, which is the process of observing and imitating the behavior of others, in order to learn how to pay for her produce.

Question 9

A sales manager pays a bonus to new trainees when they develop a good sales prospectus.Later, after the trainees have completed two months of training, the manager pays a bonus only for an actual sale.The manager is applying what process of instrumental conditioning to help the trainees be productive in their sales careers?

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior. Initially, the manager rewards the trainees for developing a good prospectus, which is a step towards making a sale. Later, the reward is given only for the actual sale, gradually shaping the trainees' behavior towards the ultimate goal.

Question 10

Considering the environmental approach to cognitive learning, which type of learning is the most complex?

Accepted Answer

Symbolic representation involves the use of symbols, such as language or mathematical notation, to represent concepts or ideas. This type of representation is considered the most complex because it involves the use of abstract symbols to represent meaning, rather than directly experiencing or manipulating the physical environment (enactive representation) or visualizing mental images (iconic representation). Instructional representation refers to external sources of information, such as diagrams or written instructions, that aid in learning.

Question 11

Sam was humming the Mortein Louie the Fly jingle as he was driving down the expressway.A thought suddenly occurs to him: 'Why am I humming this stupid jingle? I don't buy this stuff or even need it!' Sam knows this jingle through ________.

Accepted Answer

Sam was not intentionally learning the jingle, but rather picked it up incidentally through exposure to advertisements or other people humming it. This aligns with the idea of incidental learning.

Question 12

Claudia Norman was a marketing consultant.She recommended that brand equity for a new environmentally friendly product could be established by giving her initial customers free memberships in the Green Peace Organisation.Claudia used which of the following in her recommendation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Claudia Norman was a marketing consultant.She recommended...

Question 13

According to the information-processing approach to studying the memory process, in the ________ stage, information enters in a way the system will recognise.

Accepted Answer

In the information-processing approach, the memory process includes three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the first stage, where information is entered into the system in a way that it can be recognized and processed further. Therefore, the correct answer is C) encoding.

Question 14

Which type of reinforcement best characterises what an individual would typically experience while fishing?

Accepted Answer

Variable-interval reinforcement best characterizes what an individual would typically experience while fishing. This is because the reinforcement (i.e., catching a fish) does not occur at a fixed time interval, but rather at unpredictable intervals that are dependent on factors such as the fish's behavior, the bait being used, and the skill of the fisherman.

Question 15

________ learning occurs when an individual watches the actions of others and notes the reinforcements they receive for their behaviours.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, involves watching the actions of others and learning from their experiences and consequences. This type of learning is based on the idea that people can learn from observing the behavior of others and the outcomes they receive. It is often used in educational settings and can be a powerful tool for teaching new skills and behaviors.

Question 16

A stimulus that cues one toward a particular pattern and can activate a reaction is known as a ________.

Accepted Answer

A trigger feature is a specific feature or sensory cue that elicits a particular behavior or reaction. It acts as a signal or cue that initiates a specific pattern of behavior. Examples of trigger features include the red belly of a male stickleback fish that triggers aggression in other males or the shape of a flower that cues a bee to land and collect nectar. The other options (primer, scaffold, model) do not accurately describe this type of stimulus.

Question 17

Herbal companies traditionally sold their products in cylinder-shaped plastic containers that were very characteristic of the herbal market.One company broke with tradition and began to sell its herbal products in bottles that appeared to be straight from the pharmacy's shelf.They were rectangular with white labels that looked very professional and very serious.Sales went through the roof.What form of stimulus generalisation seems to be working for the herbal company?

Accepted Answer

Piggybacking is a form of stimulus generalisation where a product takes advantage of the recognition and positive association with another well-known brand or product. In this case, the herbal company used the association of the professional-looking pharmacy bottles to increase sales of their own products.

Question 18

________ involves a process of acquiring information and storing it over time so that it will be available when needed.

Accepted Answer

Memory involves the process of acquiring information and storing it over time so that it will be available when needed, whether it is recalling past events or remembering facts and figures. Recognition, comprehension, and attention may all play a role in the memory process, but they are not the actual process of storing and retrieving information.

Question 19

________ memory permits temporary storage of information we receive from our senses.

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is responsible for temporarily storing information received from our senses such as sight, sound, taste, and touch. This type of memory lasts for a very short period of time, typically a few seconds, before it is either forgotten or transferred to working memory.

Question 20

Scott thought of himself as a very successful marketer.He created a campaign with a product logo that was very popular and which customers associated with a quality product.It was so popular that in a few months the logo began to appear almost everywhere.Instead of increasing sales of the product, the customer demand began to decrease as competitors' products became more successful.What characteristic of learning was ruining Scott's apparent success?

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes the phenomenon of extinction, which occurs when a learned response (in this case, the association between the logo and the quality of the product) decreases or disappears over time due to too much repetition without reinforcement. As customers continued to see the logo everywhere without experiencing the promised quality or benefits of the product, the strength of the association weakened, and they began to seek out alternatives from competitors.

Quiz 4: Learning and Memory