Question 1

When we are faced with new information, we try to fit into existing schema.

Accepted Answer

This is known as assimilation, where individuals try to incorporate new information into their existing knowledge structures, or schemas.

Question 2

Both cognitive and behavioural therapists pay attention to thoughts and feelings.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 3

The biological paradigm adopts the stance that mental illness is the result of a disturbance of a biological process.

Accepted Answer

The biological paradigm views mental illness as a result of a disturbance in biological processes, such as neurotransmitter imbalances, genetic factors, or structural abnormalities in the brain.

Question 4

Bandura's most famous research is his work on self-efficacy.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's most famous research is his work on social learning theory, particularly the Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated how children learn and imitate behaviors observed in others.

Question 5

Problems with reuptake explain most neurotransmitter imbalances.

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitter imbalances can be caused by a variety of factors, not just problems with reuptake. These include issues with neurotransmitter synthesis, release, receptor sensitivity, and degradation, among others.

Question 6

The biological paradigm adopts the stance that mental illness is the result of physical illness.

Accepted Answer

The biological paradigm adopts the stance that mental illness is the result of physical illness.

Question 7

According to the behavioural perspective, mental illness is learned much like any other behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The behavioural perspective suggests that mental illness is learned through experiences and conditioning, much like any other behaviour. This perspective emphasizes the role of environmental factors in the development of mental illness and the importance of learning new, healthier behaviours to replace maladaptive ones.

Question 8

When you adopt a paradigm to understand the world, you are being completely objective.

Accepted Answer

When you adopt a paradigm to understand the world, you are using a specific set of assumptions, beliefs, and values to interpret and make sense of reality. This means that your perspective is not completely objective, as it is influenced by your own biases and experiences.

Question 9

Because we know so much about mental illness, doctors can easily prescribe the correct medication to treat disorders.

Accepted Answer

While we have made strides in understanding mental illness, it is still a complex and individualized field. Prescribing medication often involves a process of trial and error and finding the right medication and dosage can take time and require adjustments. Additionally, medication may not always be the best or only form of treatment for every mental health condition.

Question 10

The phenotype changes over time; the genotype does not.

Accepted Answer

Phenotype refers to the physical characteristics or traits that an organism displays as a result of its genotype and its interactions with the environment. These traits can change over time due to environmental factors, but the underlying genetic code or genotype remains the same.

Question 11

According to Beck, dysfunctional thoughts are the root of depression.

Accepted Answer

According to Beck's cognitive theory of depression, dysfunctional thoughts, such as negative automatic thoughts, core beliefs, and cognitive distortions, are the root of depression. These thoughts influence one's perception of themselves, the world, and the future, leading to negative emotions and behaviors commonly seen in depression.

Question 12

Resilient children often struggle the most with mental illness.

Accepted Answer

Resilience is the ability to adapt well to adversity, trauma, tragedy or stress. Studies have shown that resilient children have a lower risk of developing mental illness. However, if they do develop mental illness, they may struggle more to seek help or disclose their struggles due to their perceived strength and self-reliance. Non-resilient children, on the other hand, may display more obvious symptoms and seek help earlier.

Question 13

Researchers in the area of molecular genetics often think that disorders are due to gene-environment interactions.

Accepted Answer

Researchers in the area of molecular genetics often study how both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of disorders. Therefore, they believe that disorders are due to gene-environment interactions.

Question 14

Operant conditioning works well as a treatment for children with depression.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning primarily focuses on modifying behavior through rewards and punishments, and while it can be effective in changing specific behaviors, depression is a complex mental health condition that often requires a more comprehensive approach, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, medication, and support, rather than just behavioral modification techniques.

Question 15

Norepinephrine is implicated in both mania and anxiety.

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in both the "fight or flight" response associated with anxiety and the elevated mood and hyperactivity observed in mania.

Question 16

Positive reinforcement increases behaviour; negative reinforcement reduces or eliminates behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement increases behavior by adding a pleasant stimulus after the behavior, while negative reinforcement also increases behavior, but by removing an unpleasant stimulus as a consequence of the behavior.

Question 17

Behaviour therapy and behaviour modification are the same thing.

Accepted Answer

Behaviour therapy and behaviour modification are often used interchangeably to refer to the same type of therapy that aims to change or modify undesirable behaviours through various techniques and strategies.

Question 18

According to Ellis, people should believe that they ought to be loved by everyone.

Accepted Answer

According to Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy, people should not have the irrational belief that they must be loved or approved by everyone. This belief can lead to anxiety and low self-esteem as it is impossible to be liked by everyone. It is important to focus on self-acceptance and to not base one's worth on external validation from others.

Question 19

Classical conditioning offers a good explanation for how fears develop.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a psychological theory that explains how certain behavior or emotional responses develop through association with a specific stimulus. In the case of fear, a person can develop a fear response to an object or situation through repeated exposure to a negative or unpleasant stimulus. This negative experience can get associated with the object or situation, thus triggering a fear response in future encounters.

Question 20

Dizygotic twins share more genetic material than any other sibling pair, but less than monozygotic twins.

Accepted Answer

Dizygotic twins share about 50% of their genetic material, which is the same amount any other sibling pair shares, while monozygotic twins share nearly 100% of their genetic material.

Quiz 2: Current Paradigms and Integrative Approaches

When we are faced with new information, we try to fit into existing schema.

Both cognitive and behavioural therapists pay attention to thoughts and feelings.

The biological paradigm adopts the stance that mental illness is the result of a disturbance of a biological process.

Bandura's most famous research is his work on self-efficacy.

Problems with reuptake explain most neurotransmitter imbalances.

The biological paradigm adopts the stance that mental illness is the result of physical illness.

According to the behavioural perspective, mental illness is learned much like any other behaviour.

When you adopt a paradigm to understand the world, you are being completely objective.

Because we know so much about mental illness, doctors can easily prescribe the correct medication to treat disorders.

The phenotype changes over time; the genotype does not.

According to Beck, dysfunctional thoughts are the root of depression.

Resilient children often struggle the most with mental illness.

Researchers in the area of molecular genetics often think that disorders are due to gene-environment interactions.

Operant conditioning works well as a treatment for children with depression.

Norepinephrine is implicated in both mania and anxiety.

Positive reinforcement increases behaviour; negative reinforcement reduces or eliminates behaviour.

Behaviour therapy and behaviour modification are the same thing.

According to Ellis, people should believe that they ought to be loved by everyone.

Classical conditioning offers a good explanation for how fears develop.

Dizygotic twins share more genetic material than any other sibling pair, but less than monozygotic twins.