Question 1

Investigations of animal behaviours indicate that:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that monkeys have a rudimentary sense of number and can use numerals to label simple sums. For example, they can distinguish between different quantities of objects and choose the larger one.

Answer: C
 Animal behavior can be explained by both instinctual factors and principles of operant conditioning. Instincts are pre-programmed behaviors that animals are born with, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences. Both factors can shape an animal's behavior.

Answer: D
 This statement is incorrect. When language training procedures became objective, apes were able to acquire and use symbols to refer to objects. This has been demonstrated through research with apes like Koko, who learned a modified version of American Sign Language and was able to use symbols to communicate.

Therefore, the best answer would be A and C.

Question 2

Which of the following animals was NOT taught language?

Accepted Answer

Clever Hans, the horse, was not taught language but was believed by his owner to have the ability to understand and do math. However, it was later discovered that Hans was actually picking up on subtle cues from his owner and other observers. Koko, Alex, and Kanzi were all specifically taught language and demonstrated varying degrees of proficiency.

Question 3

Which of the following is associated with creativity?

Accepted Answer

Divergent thinking is associated with generating multiple unique and creative ideas. Convergent thinking, on the other hand, is focused on finding a single correct solution. Mental set refers to the tendency to approach a problem in the same way that has worked in the past, which can inhibit creativity. While having a higher than average IQ can contribute to creativity, it is not a guarantee and many highly creative individuals do not necessarily have exceptionally high IQs.

Question 4

Research evidence is accumulating that ________ have at least some abilities that depend on a theory of mind.

Accepted Answer

Chimpanzees have shown evidence of possessing a theory of mind, as they can understand the intentions and perspectives of others, a trait that is well-documented in primate research.

Question 5

Asian school teachers and students are more likely than their North American counterparts to believe that:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that Asian cultures tend to value hard work and effort over the notion of innate ability. This is reflected in the belief that success in mathematics comes from hard work and practice, rather than being born with a certain level of ability. The other options are not supported by research on Asian educational practices.

Question 6

Logan understands the material in his statistics class, but on tests, he spends the entire period on the most difficult problems and never even gets to the problems that he can solve easily. It is evident that Logan needs to improve in his:

Accepted Answer

Componential intelligence refers to the specific knowledge and skills needed to solve problems or complete tasks. Logan may have the necessary knowledge and skills but struggles with managing his time and prioritizing which problems to tackle first. Improving his componential intelligence in these areas could help him become more efficient and successful in test-taking.

Question 7

Howard Gardner would agree with three of the statements below. He would NOT agree, however, that:

Accepted Answer

Howard Gardner considers emotional intelligence as a distinct domain of intelligence that encompasses abilities like empathy, self-awareness, and social skills. He does not consider it as a collection of personality traits.

Question 8

When Köhler put chimpanzees in situations in which tempting bananas were just out of reach, he found that:

Accepted Answer

According to the passage, Köhler found that the apes often sat quietly for a while and then seemed to have sudden insight into a solution. This indicates that they had problem-solving abilities and could come up with innovative solutions to reach the bananas. Option A is not mentioned, and option B and D are contradicted by the passage.

Question 9

The broadening of the notion of intelligence through Gardner's theory has been useful for all of the following reasons EXCEPT it has:

Accepted Answer

Gardner's theory has not necessarily clarified the difference between domains of intelligence and talents; rather, it has expanded the concept of intelligence to include multiple intelligences, which can sometimes blur the lines between intelligence and talents.

Question 10

Irene Pepperberg has been working with an African grey parrot named Alex. Her research has revealed that

Accepted Answer

Irene Pepperberg's research has shown that Alex is able to comprehend and use language in a sophisticated way. He is able to make requests, answer questions about objects, and even express some emotions. This suggests that Alex has a level of cognitive ability beyond simple mimicry.

Question 11

Comparisons of attitudes and performance in regard to math tests in Asia and North America showed that:

Accepted Answer

This choice provides specific statistics that show a difference in performance between Asian and North American children on math tests. It also highlights that the average Asian child outperforms the average North American child in math. Choices A and B are incorrect because they do not provide specific statistics and make generalizations about attitudes and performance without specifying which groups are being compared. Choice C is incorrect because it claims that performance is similar when the question is specifically addressing the differences in performance between Asian and North American children.

Question 12

Research on animals and language indicates that:

Accepted Answer

While some animals, such as dolphins and African grey parrots, have demonstrated the ability to communicate and understand certain aspects of human language, none have been shown to have the same natural ability as humans to express an infinite number of novel utterances. Bonobos may be able to communicate with a variety of grunts and screeches, but it has not been demonstrated that they can produce original sentences as humans can.

Question 13

The tendency to think, mistakenly, that human beings have nothing in common with other animals is called:

Accepted Answer

Anthropodenial is the tendency to deny similarities between humans and other animals, while anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to non-human entities. Stereotype threat refers to the anxiety or concern of confirming a negative stereotype about one's identity group, and tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge that is difficult to transfer to others due to being difficult to articulate or codify. Therefore, the best choice is (D) anthropodenial.

Question 14

Tacit knowledge refers to:

Accepted Answer

Tacit knowledge is knowledge that is not explicitly taught, but must be inferred or gained through experience, observation, and practice. It includes skills, expertise, and strategies that are often unconscious or difficult to articulate, and can only be acquired through hands-on experience and observation of others. Choice B refers to problem-solving skills, choice C refers to metacognition, and choice D refers to learning agility, which are all different from tacit knowledge.

Question 15

Being capable of thought means that humans can ponder the past and future, instead of being bound to the present.

Accepted Answer

Being capable of thought allows humans to reflect on past experiences and plan for the future, rather than solely living in the present moment.

Question 16

Children in China typically outperform children in North America on tests of mathematical ability because Chinese children:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that Chinese parents place a high value on education and believe that academic success will lead to better opportunities and financial security. As a result, children in China tend to spend more time studying and practicing math than children in North America, leading to better performance on math tests. This suggests that cultural attitudes towards education and the value placed on certain subjects play a significant role in academic performance.

Question 17

When creativity has been studied, it has been noted that:

Accepted Answer

Creative people are often willing to risk ridicule and think outside the box. This willingness to take risks and challenge conventional thinking is a key component of creativity. Convergent thinking, on the other hand, is a more logical, analytical approach that is not necessarily associated with creativity. A high IQ may provide some advantages when it comes to creativity, but it is not a guarantee. Additionally, personality characteristics, such as openness to experience, have been linked to creativity.

Question 18

Tracy does not have an unusually high IQ, but at work she was quickly promoted because she knows how to set priorities, communicate with management, and make others feel valued. Tracy has ________ about how to succeed on the job.

Accepted Answer

Tacit knowledge refers to the practical knowledge or skills gained through experience, which cannot be easily articulated or formalized. Tracy's success on the job is attributed to her tacit knowledge of how to prioritize tasks, communicate effectively, and motivate others.

Question 19

A cognitive ethologist would agree with all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A cognitive ethologist would not agree that animal intelligence can be explained solely through principles of operant conditioning as they believe that animals have more complex cognitive abilities that cannot be explained solely through behaviorism.

Question 20

Scientists have found evidence of all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

While dolphins are known for their complex communication, there is no conclusive evidence that they have a grammar that permits productivity, which is the ability to create an infinite number of sentences from a finite set of elements.

Quiz 9: Thinking and Intelligence