Question 1

Insight and intuition probably involve two stages of mental processing, namely:
A) convergent thinking and divergent thinking to form a solution.
B) clues that trigger nonconscious processing and conscious awareness of a solution.
C) mental images and meta-cognition in regard to the solution.
D) mental inertia and subconscious awareness of a solution.

Accepted Answer

Insight and intuition typically involve the initial subconscious processing of clues or information that trigger a nonconscious search for a solution. This is followed by a conscious awareness of the solution, which may involve divergent thinking to explore multiple possibilities. Mental images and meta-cognition may also play a role in the process. However, options A, C, and D do not accurately capture the two stages of processing involved in insight and intuition.

Question 2

________ are linked together by propositions.
A) Words
B) Cognitive schemas
C) Concepts
D) Mental images

Accepted Answer

Concepts refer to mental representations of categories or ideas, and they are linked together by propositions, which are statements that describe the relationships between concepts. Concepts are the building blocks of knowledge, and our ability to reason and make judgments depends on our ability to manipulate concepts and the propositions that connect them. While words, cognitive schemas, and mental images are also important components of cognition, they are not specifically linked together by propositions in the same way that concepts are.

Question 3

When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, put on the gas, and still manage to turn the car! Now that he has been driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic, and so when he drives a car:
A) divergent thinking is involved.
B) subconscious processes are involved.
C) nonconscious processes are involved.
D) convergent thinking is involved.

Accepted Answer

Subconscious processes are involved because Mitch's driving skills have become automatic and require less conscious thought after years of practice.

Question 4

Both concepts and mental images can be used to construct:
A) implicit thoughts.
B) propositions.
C) cognitive schemas.
D) prototypes.

Accepted Answer

Both concepts and mental images can be used to construct cognitive schemas, which are mental frameworks that organize and interpret information. Implicit thoughts refer to unconscious beliefs or attitudes, which are not necessarily constructed through concepts or mental images. Propositions are statements that express relationships between concepts, but they are not necessarily constructed through mental images. Prototypes are mental representations of typical examples of a category, which are constructed using concepts and mental images, but they do not necessarily lead to the construction of cognitive schemas.

Question 5

________ is defined as learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.
A) Declarative learning
B) Episodic learning
C) Implicit learning
D) Semantic learning

Accepted Answer

Implicit learning is learning that occurs without awareness or conscious effort, typically involving skills, habits, and associations. Other types of learning require conscious attention and effort, such as declarative learning (learning specific facts or events) and semantic learning (learning the meaning of words). Episodic learning refers to specific events or experiences that are remembered and can be recounted.

Question 6

Dawn and Erin can't figure out how they can fit two lofts, a futon, a computer, and a refrigerator into their small dorm room! Just when it seems hopeless, Erin says, "Aha. I've got it!" and begins moving the items. Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to:
A) clues that triggered nonconscious processing about the room arrangement followed by conscious awareness of the solution.
B) subconscious processing and automatic routines that she has learned so that she can perform them without thinking.
C) beginning the task in a state of mindlessness but then directing her conscious thinking to the task at hand.
D) simplifying the process by imagining a prototype of a college dorm room and then making a decision based on the prototype.

Accepted Answer

Erin's sudden revelation suggests that she had been engaging in nonconscious processing about the room arrangement and then suddenly became consciously aware of the solution. This is consistent with research on problem-solving and insight, which suggests that nonconscious processing can help people arrive at solutions that are then consciously recognized.

Question 7

According to our textbook, the mindless processing of information:
A) usually leads to positive behaviours because we get a lot done on "automatic pilot."
B) has benefits, but also can lead to mishaps and serious errors.
C) usually leads to negative behaviours, both mishaps and serious errors.
D) has little effect on behaviour because the processing goes on outside of awareness.

Accepted Answer

Mindless processing of information can have benefits, such as saving cognitive resources for more demanding tasks. However, it can also lead to errors and mishaps if we rely too heavily on automatic responses without considering the context or the consequences of our actions.

Question 8

Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called:
A) declarative learning.
B) semantic learning.
C) episodic learning.
D) implicit learning.

Accepted Answer

Implicit learning involves acquiring knowledge and skills without conscious awareness or the ability to explicitly explain what has been learned. Fenton's experience of developing a winning strategy without consciously knowing what he was doing fits this description. Declarative learning, on the other hand, involves consciously acquiring knowledge that can be explicitly stated or "declared," such as facts or events (semantic learning) or personal experiences (episodic learning).

Question 9

Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the holiday, and expectations about the weight he'll gain! These are all part of his ________ for the holiday.
A) cognitive schema
B) hindsight bias
C) heuristic
D) algorithm

Accepted Answer

A cognitive schema is an internal mental framework that helps individuals organize and make sense of their experiences, including their knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and expectations. Peter's associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the holiday, and expectations about his weight gain are all examples of cognitive schemas related to Thanksgiving. Hindsight bias (B) refers to the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event after it has already occurred. Heuristics (C) are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help individuals make decisions quickly but can also lead to cognitive errors or biases. Algorithms (D) are step-by-step procedures or rules used to solve problems or make decisions, often in a systematic or logical way.

Question 10

Psychologists who were interested in studying visual images found that:
A) the images occur in a mental "space" of a fixed size.
B) the images cannot be manipulated by the participant.
C) larger images contain less detail than do smaller images.
D) it is not possible to study them because the images cannot be "seen."

Accepted Answer

Psychologists who studied visual images found that the images occur in a mental "space" of a fixed size. This suggests that there is a limit to the amount of information that can be held in a mental image.

Question 11

Florence is just about to use a photocopier when Judith scurries up saying, "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies." According to our textbook, Florence is likely to comply with Judith's request because:
A) the reason given by Judith sounds like an authentic explanation even though it is meaningless.
B) the strategy necessary to solve this problem is not incorporated into Florence's mental network.
C) Florence's cognitive schema doesn't include concepts for dealing with business requests.
D) people are generally polite enough to let others go ahead of them, whatever the reason.

Accepted Answer

The reason given by Judith sounds like an authentic explanation even though it is meaningless, which can trigger automatic compliance.

Question 12

Intuition involves two stages of mental processing. The first stage is ________ and the second stage is ________.
A) explicit; implicit
B) effort; automatic
C) nonconscious; conscious
D) subconscious; nonconscious

Accepted Answer

The first stage of intuition is nonconscious, where information is processed without conscious awareness, and the second stage is conscious, where the individual becomes aware of the intuitive insight.

Question 13

Which of the following occurs outside of conscious awareness but is accessible to consciousness when necessary?
A) convergent thinking
B) nonconscious processes
C) subconscious processes
D) divergent thinking

Accepted Answer

Subconscious processes occur outside of conscious awareness but can be accessed when necessary, unlike nonconscious processes which remain completely inaccessible to consciousness. Convergent thinking and divergent thinking refer to conscious mental processes for problem-solving and creativity, respectively.

Question 14

A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities, and that resembles what it represents, is a:
A) cognitive schema.
B) prototype.
C) proposition.
D) mental image.

Accepted Answer

A mental image is a representation that resembles what it represents and can occur in various sensory modalities, such as visual, auditory, or tactile. Mental images can be formed by recalling perceptual experience or by creating new combinations of elements in the mind.

Question 15

Implicit learning primarily involves:
A) subconscious processes.
B) mindlessness.
C) unconscious processes.
D) nonconscious processes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Implicit learning primarily involves:
A) subconscious processes.
B) mindlessness.
C)...

Question 16

Karyn is just about to use a photocopier when Bob scurries up saying, "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies." According to our textbook, Karyn is likely to comply with Bob's request because:
A) Karyn heard the form of the request but not the content, so she mindlessly stepped aside.
B) Karyn's cognitive schema doesn't include concepts for dealing with business requests.
C) people are generally polite enough to let others go ahead of them, whatever the reason.
D) the strategy necessary to solve this problem is not incorporated into Karyn's mental network.

Accepted Answer

The textbook suggests that people often comply with requests when they hear a reason, even if the reason is not particularly compelling, due to mindless processing.

Question 17

Starting with the basic building blocks of thought and working up, which of the following is the correct sequence of the elements of cognition?
A) propositions and mental images, concepts, cognitive schemas
B) concepts, propositions and mental images, cognitive schemas
C) mental images, propositions and cognitive schemas, concepts
D) concepts, propositions and cognitive schemas, mental images

Accepted Answer

Concepts are the basic building blocks of thought and are followed by propositions and mental images, which are used to represent knowledge and experiences. Cognitive schemas, which are mental frameworks that organize and interpret information, are the highest level of cognitive elements. Therefore, the correct sequence is concepts, propositions and mental images, cognitive schemas.

Question 18

As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Alicia finds herself hearing "in her mind's ear" the song "Just whistle while you work!" This would be an example of a/an:
A) auditory image.
B) cognitive schema.
C) prototype.
D) proposition.

Accepted Answer

An auditory image is a mental representation of a sound that is perceived without actually hearing it. In this scenario, Alicia hears the song "Just whistle while you work!" in her mind's ear, which is an example of an auditory image.

Question 19

________ occurs when we act, speak, and make decisions out of habit.
A) Insight
B) Implicit learning
C) Mindlessness
D) Conscious thinking

Accepted Answer

Mindlessness is the state of being on autopilot, where we act and make decisions without consciously thinking about them. This is often driven by habit and routine, and can lead to actions that are not fully intentional or mindful.

Question 20

Multitasking is possible because some of our cognitive processing is:
A) subconscious.
B) mindless.
C) deliberate.
D) conscious.

Accepted Answer

Some cognitive processing occurs subconsciously, allowing us to perform multiple tasks simultaneously without full conscious attention on each task.

Quiz 9: Thinking and Intelligence

Insight and intuition probably involve two stages of mental processing, namely:

________ are linked together by propositions.

When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, put on the gas, and still manage to turn the car! Now that he has been driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic, and so when he drives a car:

Both concepts and mental images can be used to construct:

________ is defined as learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.

Dawn and Erin can't figure out how they can fit two lofts, a futon, a computer, and a refrigerator into their small dorm room! Just when it seems hopeless, Erin says, "Aha. I've got it!" and begins moving the items. Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to:

According to our textbook, the mindless processing of information:

Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called:

Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the holiday, and expectations about the weight he'll gain! These are all part of his ________ for the holiday.

Psychologists who were interested in studying visual images found that:

Florence is just about to use a photocopier when Judith scurries up saying, "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies." According to our textbook, Florence is likely to comply with Judith's request because:

Intuition involves two stages of mental processing. The first stage is and the second stage is .

Which of the following occurs outside of conscious awareness but is accessible to consciousness when necessary?

A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities, and that resembles what it represents, is a:

Implicit learning primarily involves:

Karyn is just about to use a photocopier when Bob scurries up saying, "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies." According to our textbook, Karyn is likely to comply with Bob's request because:

Starting with the basic building blocks of thought and working up, which of the following is the correct sequence of the elements of cognition?

As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Alicia finds herself hearing "in her mind's ear" the song "Just whistle while you work!" This would be an example of a/an:

________ occurs when we act, speak, and make decisions out of habit.

Multitasking is possible because some of our cognitive processing is: