Question 1

Cross-cultural research on stress demonstrates that ________

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research on stress has shown that responses to stress vary across different cultures. For example, some cultures may be more prone to expressing physical symptoms of stress, whereas others may express stress more through emotional or social channels. It is important to recognize these cultural differences in order to effectively address stress and promote well-being in different populations.

Option A is incorrect because depression is not always a common response to stress across all cultures. Option B is incorrect because stress can lead to illness in all cultures, not just Western cultures. Option D is incorrect because culture-specific reactions can indeed adapt to new environmental conditions.

Question 2

A lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness have all been associated with which of the following parenting styles?

Accepted Answer

Neglectful-uninvolved parenting is associated with a lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness due to the lack of attention and support from parents.

Question 3

An elementary school principal wants to know the best predictors of juvenile delinquency and dropping out of school in high school so she can provide preventive interventions. Your best advice is ________

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that aggression toward peers is a reliable predictor of later delinquency and dropping out of school. Additionally, peer rejection as a result of aggressive behavior can lead to social isolation and lower academic and social success, further increasing the risk of delinquency and dropout. Therefore, identifying children who display aggressive behavior and intervening early can help prevent these negative outcomes. Options A and B are oversimplified and do not capture the complexity of risk factors for delinquency and dropout. Option C is incorrect as there are several known risk factors for delinquency that can be identified in elementary school, such as conduct problems and poor school performance.

Question 4

Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members?

Accepted Answer

It is difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members because cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely. For example, children with behavioral problems may contribute to marital dissatisfaction, which in turn may lead to divorce. Additionally, children with behavioral problems may experience negative outcomes following divorce, which again cannot be directly attributed to the divorce itself. Therefore, it is challenging to identify the directionality of the relationship between divorce and family functioning.

Question 5

Infant characteristics ________

Accepted Answer

Infant characteristics, such as temperament and behavior, can have an impact on the quality of attachment relationships between parents and infants. Factors such as biological factors, environmental factors, and the parent's own characteristics may also play a role in influencing parental behavior.

Question 6

Dana's mother suffers from serious depressive episodes. Dana is likely to ________

Accepted Answer

Research shows that children of parents with depression are more likely to develop depression themselves. The genetic predisposition, as well as the environmental factors such as stress and lack of emotional support, can increase the risk of developing depression in children. Therefore, Dana is likely to be at risk for depression herself.

Question 7

A psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study ________

Accepted Answer

Sociocultural factors refer to the influence of culture, social norms, and social structures on an individual's behavior, attitudes, and mental health. Poverty and racial discrimination are examples of sociocultural factors that can contribute to the development of mental disorders. A psychologist studying the relationship between these factors and mental disorders would likely focus on understanding how social and cultural influences interact with biological and psychological processes to impact mental health.

Question 8

According to Bowlby, ________

Accepted Answer

Bowlby believed that despair is a normal response to separation, as part of the attachment process.

Question 9

Children from lower-SES families ________

Accepted Answer

While it is true that some children from lower-SES families may become resilient adults (option A), this is not always the case. Option B is incorrect because research has shown that the effects of low SES can linger beyond age 5. Option C is also incorrect because persistent economic hardship can have negative effects on children's development regardless of the reason for it. Option D is the best choice because it acknowledges that certain factors can buffer the negative effects of low SES on children's development, such as intelligence and healthy attachments to adults and peers.

Question 10

Studies on the cultural differences in parental tolerance of under- or over-controlled behavior suggest that ________

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that different cultures may have different thresholds for what constitutes under- or over-controlled behavior in children, and that these varying parental tolerance levels can lead to different rates of problem behaviors in different cultural groups.

Question 11

Which parental style is characterized by warmth, control, and communication?

Accepted Answer

The authoritative parenting style is characterized by high levels of warmth and communication, along with appropriate levels of control and discipline. This style tends to result in positive outcomes for children, including high levels of self-esteem, self-reliance, and academic achievement.

Question 12

Abused infants and toddlers ________

Accepted Answer

Abused infants and toddlers often exhibit inconsistent attachment behavior due to the unpredictable and harmful interactions they experience with their primary caregivers, which can disrupt their ability to form secure attachments.

Question 13

Lasting negative effects of abuse on psychological functioning are most likely when the abuse occurs in ________

Accepted Answer

Research consistently shows that abuse in early childhood has the most lasting and severe negative effects on psychological functioning, including increased risk for depression, anxiety, PTSD, personality disorders, and substance abuse. This is because early childhood is a critical period for brain development and attachment formation, and traumatic experiences during this time can disrupt these processes in ways that have long-term consequences. Abuse during other developmental periods can still have negative effects, but they are generally less severe and more dependent on factors such as the type and severity of the abuse, the duration of the abuse, and the child's coping resources.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a culture-bound syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Hoopa is not a recognized culture-bound syndrome. It is likely a typo and meant to say hupa, which is a Native American tribe.

Question 15

Which of the following explanations for the relationship between SES and abnormal behavior is not supported by the existing data?

Accepted Answer

There is little to no evidence to suggest that high SES causes abnormal behavior.

Question 16

There is experimental evidence showing consistently being discriminated against may cause a person to ________

Accepted Answer

Experimental evidence shows that consistently being discriminated against can result in increased negative cardiovascular reactivity, indicating a negative impact on a person's physical health.

Question 17

Children raised in orphanages tend to have ________

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children raised in orphanages tend to have less cortical gray matter than those children raised by their parents. The lack of stimulation and emotional support in orphanages may contribute to this difference.

Answer: D 
 Children raised in orphanages may have fewer opportunities to form stable relationships and may struggle with attachment issues because of a lack of consistent caregivers. This can lead to fewer friendships compared to children raised by their parents.

Question 18

The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions: warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as ________ in warmth and ________ in control.

Accepted Answer

The parenting style associated with the most positive developmental outcomes is described as high in warmth and moderately high in control, which corresponds to authoritative parenting. This style is characterized by a supportive and loving approach, combined with clear boundaries and expectations.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding divorce and psychopathology is true?

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown a positive correlation between psychopathology and divorce, with those who experience parental divorce as children being at a higher risk for mental health problems later in life. However, it is important to note that the effects of divorce on mental health can vary depending on the individual and the circumstances surrounding the divorce.

Question 20

A major factor associated with a child's rejection by peers is ________

Accepted Answer

Overly aggressive behavior is a significant factor associated with a child's rejection by peers. Children who display aggressive behaviors such as hitting, teasing or bullying their peers are often seen as threatening or undesirable by their peers, leading to rejection and social isolation.

Quiz 3: Causal Factors and Viewpoints