Question 1

Cognitive-behavioral psychologists believe that abnormal behavior ________
A) consists of learned maladaptive response patterns.
B) results from distorted thinking and information processing.
C) results from neurotic thought processes.
D) results from impaired patterns of interpersonal relationships.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cognitive-behavioral psychologists believe that abnormal behavior ________
A)...

Question 2

After being bitten by a dog, Jose finds that he feels afraid whenever he sees a dog. He goes for treatment, where he is gradually exposed to dogs, until he can be in the same room with a dog without feeling any fear. Three weeks later, while walking in his neighborhood, Jose hears a dog barking viciously. For a few weeks after this, his fear returns. This shows ________
A) the treatment had no effect.
B) extinction.
C) stimulus-stimulus expectancy.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

Jose experiencing fear again after hearing a dog bark is an example of spontaneous recovery. This means that despite previously being treated for his fear, the fear response can temporarily return when encountering a triggering stimulus again.

Question 3

Schemas ________
A) do not really influence how we interpret the world.
B) may be a source of psychological vulnerability.
C) are always types of biases that color our interpretation of the world.
D) are attempts to change other people's behavior.

Accepted Answer

Schemas are mental frameworks that guide the way we perceive, interpret, and organize information in the world. They are not always biases but can become sources of vulnerability, especially when they are overly rigid, inaccurate, or negative. For example, if someone has a schema that all strangers are dangerous, they may avoid social interactions and miss out on valuable opportunities for learning, growth, and connection. Therefore, it is important to be aware of our schemas and to explore and update them as needed to enhance our well-being and effectiveness.

Question 4

In its early days, the behavioral perspective was criticized for ________
A) focusing on symptoms.
B) not providing an explanation for how abnormal behavioral responses are acquired.
C) viewing basic human nature as good.
D) its overemphasis on the use of punishment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In its early days, the behavioral perspective...

Question 5

According to cognitive theorists, a lot of information that contributes to a person's psychopathology is ________
A) processed at a conscious, intentional level.
B) processed at a nonconscious level.
C) not processed at all.
D) processed only when in interpersonal relationships.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theorists believe that a lot of information that contributes to a person's psychopathology is processed at a nonconscious level, meaning that individuals may not always be aware of the thoughts, beliefs, and cognitive processes that are contributing to their psychological difficulties.

Question 6

The effects of early social deprivation ________
A) are explained differently by the various psychosocial perspectives.
B) have not been well-established.
C) can't be explained by psychosocial theories.
D) are not seen when physical needs are adequately met.

Accepted Answer

Psychosocial perspectives have different explanations for the effects of early social deprivation.

Question 7

Learning not to do something because you are punished when you do it is an example of ________
A) classical conditioning.
B) generalization.
C) instrumental conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Accepted Answer

This describes instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, where a behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it, such as punishment. Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus with a natural response, generalization is the transfer of a response to similar stimuli, and observational learning involves acquiring new behaviors through watching others.

Question 8

New perceptions and experiences tend to be worked into our existing schemas, even if the new information must be distorted to fit them. This process is called ________
A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) appropriation.
D) attribution.

Accepted Answer

The process being described matches the concept of assimilation, which involves incorporating new information into existing schemas, even if it requires distortion or adaptation. Accommodation, on the other hand, involves modifying existing schemas to fit new information. Appropriation refers to the unauthorized use of another culture's symbols or traditions, and attribution involves giving credit or assigning responsibility for a particular action or idea.

Question 9

The process of assigning causes to things that happen is called ________
A) attribution.
B) internal reinforcement.
C) schema therapy.
D) cognition.

Accepted Answer

Attribution is the process of assigning causes to things that happen. Option B, internal reinforcement, is a term used in behavioral psychology and is not directly related to the process of assigning causes. Option C, schema therapy, is a type of psychotherapy and not related to the concept of attribution. Option D, cognition, is a broad term that could be related to the process of attribution, but not specific enough to be the best choice for this question.

Question 10

From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is that ________
A) behaviorists went too far in attacking the psychoanalytic perspective.
B) behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.
C) behaviorists held an overly stringent view of what constitutes scientific inquiry.
D) behaviorists overemphasized the importance of subjective experience.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive-behavioral perspective builds on the behavioral perspective but acknowledges the role of mental processes in behavior, which the behavioral perspective ignored. Therefore, the most important limitation with the behavioral perspective from the cognitive-behavioral perspective is that behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.

Question 11

Which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory?
A) Underemphasis on the sex drive
B) Overly positive view of women
C) Lack of scientific evidence
D) Too much focus on symptoms and not enough on underlying causes

Accepted Answer

Traditional psychoanalytic theory is often criticized for lack of empirical evidence to support its claims. Despite its popularity, Freud's theories have been challenged in terms of their scientific validity and reliability. Critics argue that psychoanalysis is more of an art than a science, and that its methods and techniques are open to interpretation and subjective biases.

Question 12

Making a new experience fit existing frameworks is associated with ________; changing our existing frameworks to incorporate a new experience is associated with ________.
A) positive attributions; negative attributions
B) accommodation; assimilation
C) self-efficacy; self-identity
D) assimilation; accommodation

Accepted Answer

Making a new experience fit existing frameworks is associated with assimilation, while changing our existing frameworks to incorporate a new experience is associated with accommodation. This is a concept in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, where assimilation involves incorporating new information into existing schemas or mental frameworks, while accommodation involves modifying existing schemas to fit new information.

Question 13

Alicia developed a fear of spiders after being bitten by one. However, she has no problem looking at pictures of spiders. This is an example of ________
A) discrimination.
B) generalization.
C) instrumental conditioning.
D) intrapsychic conflict.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of discrimination, as Alicia is able to differentiate between real spiders (which cause fear) and pictures of spiders (which do not).

Question 14

If a response has been learned through conditioning, it would be appropriate to treat it using the process of ________
A) displacement.
B) extinction.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) stimulus-stimulus expectancy.

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the process of gradually reducing or eliminating a learned response by no longer reinforcing it with the conditioned stimulus. If a response has been learned through conditioning, it may be appropriate to treat it using extinction to eliminate or reduce the response.

Question 15

Due to ________, we can learn from the experiences of others.
A) classical conditioning
B) generalization
C) instrumental conditioning
D) observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning (also known as social learning or modeling) allows us to learn from the experiences of others without having to go through the actual trial and error process ourselves. Through observation and imitation of others' behavior, we can acquire new skills, knowledge and strategies.

Question 16

Which perspective was initially developed through laboratory research?
A) Behavioral
B) Biological
C) Humanistic
D) Psychodynamic

Accepted Answer

The behavioral perspective was initially developed through laboratory research, particularly in the field of classical and operant conditioning. Pavlov's experiments with dogs, Skinner's work on rats and pigeons, and Watson's research on human behavior all contributed to the development of this perspective.

Question 17

A(n) ________ serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories.
A) attribution.
B) conditioned stimulus
C) schema
D) unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

A schema is an organized framework of knowledge and expectations, which serves to guide our processing of information. This can affect how we interpret new information and can lead to distortion of memories as we remember events in a way that is consistent with our existing schemas.

Question 18

It is a hot day and a child sprays you with a garden hose. You might react with amusement (and even thanks!) or considerable anger. The fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ________ approach to therapy.
A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) cognitive
D) sociocultural

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach to therapy emphasizes how individuals interpret and make meaning of events, which can lead to different emotional responses. In this scenario, the child spraying you with a garden hose could be interpreted as playful and harmless, leading to amusement or even gratitude, or as disrespectful and invasive, leading to anger.

Question 19

Behaviorists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of ________
A) extinction.
B) lack of generalization of behaviors.
C) a poor response-outcome expectancy.
D) failure to learn adaptive behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Behaviorists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a...

Question 20

After being bitten by a dog, Jose finds that he feels afraid whenever he sees a dog. In classical conditioning terms, the dog can be described as a(n) ________
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that is repeatedly presented in association with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) until it acquires the ability to elicit the conditioned response (CR). In this scenario, the dog was initially a neutral stimulus, but after becoming associated with the negative experience of being bitten, it now elicits a fear response in Jose, which is the conditioned response. Therefore, the dog is now a conditioned stimulus.

Quiz 3: Causal Factors and Viewpoints

Cognitive-behavioral psychologists believe that abnormal behavior ________

Schemas ________

In its early days, the behavioral perspective was criticized for ________

According to cognitive theorists, a lot of information that contributes to a person's psychopathology is ________

The effects of early social deprivation ________

Learning not to do something because you are punished when you do it is an example of ________

New perceptions and experiences tend to be worked into our existing schemas, even if the new information must be distorted to fit them. This process is called ________

The process of assigning causes to things that happen is called ________

From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is that ________

Which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory?

Making a new experience fit existing frameworks is associated with ; changing our existing frameworks to incorporate a new experience is associated with .

Alicia developed a fear of spiders after being bitten by one. However, she has no problem looking at pictures of spiders. This is an example of ________

If a response has been learned through conditioning, it would be appropriate to treat it using the process of ________

Due to ________, we can learn from the experiences of others.

Which perspective was initially developed through laboratory research?

A(n) ________ serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories.

It is a hot day and a child sprays you with a garden hose. You might react with amusement (and even thanks!) or considerable anger. The fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ________ approach to therapy.

Behaviorists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of ________

After being bitten by a dog, Jose finds that he feels afraid whenever he sees a dog. In classical conditioning terms, the dog can be described as a(n) ________