Question 1

You attended your high school graduation over 20 years ago.You are now trying to recall as much as possible about the graduation ceremonies.Which of the following would be the BEST retrieval cue?
A) the number of students who graduated
B) the year the ceremony took place
C) the time of day the ceremony took place
D) the featured speaker at the ceremony

Accepted Answer

The featured speaker at the ceremony is likely to be a distinctive and memorable aspect of the event, making it a strong retrieval cue for recalling other details about the graduation.

Question 2

According to the notion of semantic networks,which pair of words should be linked most closely?
A) car-nose
B) boat-goat
C) fill-feed
D) tree-bird

Accepted Answer

The two words "tree" and "bird" are most closely linked as they are both typically associated with natural environments and could logically occur in the same context, such as a bird nesting in a tree. The other pairs have less direct or logical connections, such as "car" and "nose" which have no obvious relationship.

Question 3

Parallel distributed processing models of memory assert that specific memories correspond to
A) spreading activation within a semantic network.
B) particular patterns of activation in the network of neurons.
C) excitatory signals to cells in the hippocampus.
D) inhibitory signals to cells in the hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

Parallel distributed processing models propose that memories are represented as patterns of activation across a network of neurons. In other words, specific memories are represented by specific patterns of neural activation.

Question 4

Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts is referred to as
A) a clustering hierarchy.
B) an organizational schema.
C) a lexical ordering.
D) a semantic network.

Accepted Answer

A semantic network is a graphical depiction of how concepts are related to one another. It consists of nodes (representing concepts) and pathways (representing relationships between concepts). This type of structure is commonly used in the field of psychology to model human memory and information processing.

Question 5

A retrieval cue is
A) a brain structure stimulus used to locate a particular memory.
B) the same thing as an elaboration encoding variable.
C) a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory.
D) always based on the mood you were in when a memory was first encoded.

Accepted Answer

A retrieval cue is a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory. It could be a word, a smell, a sound or any other stimulus that is associated with the memory. It helps in activating the neural network that was involved in storing the memory and retrieve it.

Question 6

According to the concept of semantic networks,you would be most likely to easily remember John F.Kennedy's name if the professor in your history class was discussing
A) the second half of the 20th century.
B) U.S. presidents.
C) assassinated U.S. presidents.
D) democratic U.S. presidents.

Accepted Answer

Semantic networks suggest that related concepts are linked in the mind. Discussing assassinated U.S. presidents would directly activate the network related to Kennedy, making it easier to remember his name.

Question 7

The process of ____ explains why when we think of one word,such as "fruit," it triggers our thinking of other words,such as "apples and oranges."
A) parallel distributed processing
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C) spreading activation within a schema
D) spreading activation within a semantic network

Accepted Answer

Spreading activation within a semantic network is the process responsible for the phenomenon described, in which activation of one concept leads to the activation of related concepts.

Question 8

Connectionist models of memory are based on
A) connections between sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
B) connections between encoding, storage, and retrieval.
C) how neural networks process information.
D) how computer systems process information.

Accepted Answer

Connectionist models of memory are based on how neural networks process information. These models attempt to mimic the way the brain processes information by using interconnected nodes or neurons to represent ideas or concepts. The strength of the connections between these nodes can be adjusted through learning, which allows the network to adapt and improve its performance over time.

Question 9

Three friends are having a discussion about taxes,but the conversation is soon sidetracked as different statements bring up related ideas.The conversation drifts from taxes,to politicians,to the election,to fund raising.This shift in the focus of the conversation is consistent with Collins and Loftus' theory of
A) prospective memory processes.
B) spreading activation within a semantic network.
C) schema-based recall of information.
D) mood-congruent memory.

Accepted Answer

The shift in the focus of the conversation is consistent with spreading activation within a semantic network, as one idea leads to another related idea. This theory suggests that when one concept is activated in memory, it triggers the activation of related concepts, leading to a chain of associations.

Question 10

Christine says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: "We played games,had cake and ice cream,and got goodie bags." In reality,the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday cake.Christine's inaccurate memory most likely resulted from
A) her birthday party schema.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) the source-monitoring error.
D) repression.

Accepted Answer

Christine's memory was influenced by her birthday party schema, which includes typical elements like cake, leading her to inaccurately recall having cake instead of a brownie.

Question 11

If you try to remember something but cannot,yet know the information is in memory,you are experiencing the
A) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
B) psuedoamnesia phenomenon.
C) Krensky syndrome.
D) retrieval-delay phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is the experience of having a word or idea "on the tip of your tongue" but being unable to recall it at the moment. This often happens when someone is trying to remember a name or specific fact, but the information is temporarily inaccessible even though they know it is stored in their memory.

Question 12

Models of memory that are based on the assumption that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks are called
A) functional models.
B) dual coding models.
C) information processing models.
D) parallel distributed processing models.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the characteristics of parallel distributed processing models, which are based on the idea that cognitive processes involve the interaction between many neurons or nodes, each contributing to the processing of information.

Question 13

Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends.In his description he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall,even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall.Brock's error in recall illustrates
A) the role of semantic networks in long-term memory.
B) the need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory.
C) the need for a good executive control system in short-term memory.
D) the role of schemas in long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Brock's error in recall demonstrates the role of schemas in long-term memory. A schema is a mental framework or organization of information that helps individuals interpret and process new information. In this case, Brock's schema for a doctor's office may include the expectation of diplomas on the wall, leading him to believe that he saw them even when they were not present.

Question 14

Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when he was 14.Adan feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist's name,but he just can't seem to recall it at this moment.Adan is experiencing something referred to as
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C) proactive interference.
D) a source-monitoring error.

Accepted Answer

The situation described is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, where a person is unable to recall information that they feel they should know. It is a common experience and does not necessarily indicate any memory impairment, but can be frustrating.

Question 15

Investigators were asking employees at a construction site what they were doing last Tuesday,at ten o'clock.Some of the workers were having a difficult time remembering details until the foreman reminded them that the foundations for the building were poured that morning.If the workers are now able to recall details of their actions,the foreman has been able to
A) prime the workers' conceptual hierarchies.
B) successfully reinstate the context.
C) effectively overcome proactive interference.
D) activate transfer-appropriate processing.

Accepted Answer

The foreman was able to successfully reinstate the context for the workers by reminding them of the specific task they were doing at that time. This helped them remember details of their actions, indicating that context plays an important role in memory retrieval.

Question 16

A visit to your elementary classroom might help you remember more of the names of some of your classmates because you are
A) using the serial position effect.
B) relying on a flashbulb memory.
C) in the same context as you were when you learned them.
D) relying on schemas to enhance the retrieval process.

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory suggests that memory retrieval is easier when in the same context, or environment, as when the information was learned. Therefore, being back in the context of an elementary classroom may help retrieve names of classmates learned in that environment. The other options, such as the serial position effect or schemas, may also play a role in memory retrieval but are not directly related to being in the same context. Flashbulb memory is not applicable in this scenario because it refers to the vivid and detailed recall of a specific moment in time rather than general memory retrieval.

Question 17

Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?
A) schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately
B) schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory
C) schemas make individuals more likely to remember typical events
D) schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events

Accepted Answer

Schemas do not always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory. In fact, they can sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately or make errors in recall.

Question 18

Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina during a game of "Where Are You?" Her father tells her to think of the letter "R," and she quickly comes up with Raleigh.In this case,Kylee's memory was assisted using
A) an effective retrieval cue.
B) semantic network activation.
C) the method of loci.
D) transfer-appropriate processing.

Accepted Answer

Kylee's father provided an effective retrieval cue by suggesting the letter "R," which helped Kylee remember that Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina.

Question 19

Research on hypnosis most clearly demonstrates that hypnosis leads subjects to report
A) more correct information.
B) more incorrect information.
C) less confidence in their memories.
D) accurate past-life events.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that hypnosis can lead subjects to report more incorrect information, especially when they are given subtle suggestions or leading questions by the hypnotist. This is known as the "source-monitoring error" and can result in false memories.

Question 20

A parallel distributed processing system consists of a large network of interconnected computing units,or nodes,that operate much like
A) neurons.
B) computer chips.
C) chromosomes.
D) wheels on a car.

Accepted Answer

Parallel distributed processing systems are inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. Therefore, the computing units or nodes operate much like neurons that process and transmit information through complex networks of connections. This allows for the system to perform multiple and complex operations simultaneously, much like the brain.

Quiz 7: Human Memory

You attended your high school graduation over 20 years ago.You are now trying to recall as much as possible about the graduation ceremonies.Which of the following would be the BEST retrieval cue?

According to the notion of semantic networks,which pair of words should be linked most closely?

Parallel distributed processing models of memory assert that specific memories correspond to

Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts is referred to as

A retrieval cue is

According to the concept of semantic networks,you would be most likely to easily remember John F.Kennedy's name if the professor in your history class was discussing

The process of ____ explains why when we think of one word,such as "fruit," it triggers our thinking of other words,such as "apples and oranges."

Connectionist models of memory are based on

Christine says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: "We played games,had cake and ice cream,and got goodie bags." In reality,the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday cake.Christine's inaccurate memory most likely resulted from

If you try to remember something but cannot,yet know the information is in memory,you are experiencing the

Models of memory that are based on the assumption that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks are called

Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends.In his description he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall,even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall.Brock's error in recall illustrates

Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when he was 14.Adan feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist's name,but he just can't seem to recall it at this moment.Adan is experiencing something referred to as

A visit to your elementary classroom might help you remember more of the names of some of your classmates because you are

Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina during a game of "Where Are You?" Her father tells her to think of the letter "R," and she quickly comes up with Raleigh.In this case,Kylee's memory was assisted using

Research on hypnosis most clearly demonstrates that hypnosis leads subjects to report

A parallel distributed processing system consists of a large network of interconnected computing units,or nodes,that operate much like