Question 1

The general pattern of implicit memory results is that

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory, which operates without conscious awareness, tends to show that practice improvements are relatively stable across different ages, indicating that the capacity for implicit learning does not significantly decline with age.

Question 2

GIST is to VERBATIM as ____ is to ____.

Accepted Answer

GIST refers to the general essence or main idea while VERBATIM means an exact word-for-word repetition. Similarly, VAGUE suggests an imprecise or unclear representation of an idea or concept, while CLEAR implies a precise and easily understandable expression.

Question 3

Sally Creamcheese tells her roommate, "The guy I just dated is wonderful. I don't recall what he said tonight, but he is so sincere and nice!" Sally's memory is of the ____ of her impression of her date.

Accepted Answer

Sally can remember the overall impression or the general idea of her date's sincerity and niceness, but not the specific verbatim content of what he said, indicating that her memory is of the gist of the impression.

Question 4

A slogan of implicit cognition would be,

Accepted Answer

Implicit cognition refers to the processing of information by the brain without conscious awareness or intention. Therefore, the best choice would be "thought without awareness."

Question 5

A student tells a classmate, "You didn't miss much from yesterday's class. The professor mostly told about his memory tests with African elephants." The student recalled the ____ of the previous lecture.

Accepted Answer

The student recalled a general or vague idea of the lecture, which aligns with the concept of "fuzzy representation," where details are not clearly remembered.

Question 6

Who will most strongly claim that he or she can "think of nothing," with a totally blank mind?

Accepted Answer

Young children do not have the same level of self-awareness and introspection as older individuals, and thus might be more likely to claim that they can "think of nothing" because they have not yet learned to fully recognize and articulate their thoughts and mental processes.

Question 7

While working on a difficult task, a person "thinks out loud" to demonstrate awareness of her own thought processes, a conscious principle called

Accepted Answer

Metacognition is the conscious awareness of one's own thought processes. Thinking out loud is a common example of metacognition, as it involves verbally expressing and reflecting on one's own thinking while working on a task. Fuzzy-trace insight is a different concept related to decision-making based on the gist or meaning of information, while learning to learn is a broader concept related to developing effective learning strategies. Cardinality refers to the mathematical concept of the size of a set or group.

Question 8

Research has shown that there is a developmental shift beginning in second grade that favors

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that as children develop, they increasingly rely on fuzzy gist representations, which are more general and less detailed, rather than precise verbatim memories. This shift begins around second grade.

Question 9

What stimuli were used in Drummey and Newcombe's study of children's implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Drummey and Newcombe's study of children's implicit memory used fragmented, incomplete line drawings as stimuli.

Question 10

Following a victorious chess game, the winner explained in much detail what his decisions were at each step of the game. The player showed good ____, which means knowledge about his own thought processes.

Accepted Answer

Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, which is exactly what the chess player demonstrated by explaining his decisions at each step of the game. Gumption refers to courage or initiative, relational primacy refers to the importance of relationships in one's life, and analogical reasoning refers to using analogies to make comparisons or draw conclusions. None of these choices accurately describe the chess player's behavior.

Question 11

Which statement about fuzzy traces is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Fuzzy traces, which are general and global impressions of information, are not highly prone to interference and forgetting. In fact, they are often more durable and resistant to forgetting than precise, verbatim memories. This is because their generalized nature does not rely on specific details, making them less susceptible to being lost or confused with similar information.

Question 12

Remembering the gist is like

Accepted Answer

Just like noticing the overall view of the forest instead of individual trees, remembering the gist involves focusing on the main idea instead of getting lost in details.

Question 13

Teachers in second grade or beyond should adjust their teaching in non-math subjects to emphasize

Accepted Answer

In non-math subjects, emphasizing broad impressions instead of verbatim facts is more appropriate for second grade students and beyond. This helps them develop critical thinking and reasoning skills, as well as the ability to make connections and draw conclusions from larger bodies of information. Memorization of verbatim factual knowledge is important, but it should be balanced with a focus on comprehension and analysis. Fuzzy furry animals instead of hairless species and tactics to reverse the harms of utilization deficiency are irrelevant and not applicable to teaching methods.

Question 14

Who will most strongly overestimate his or her own ability to exclude particular thoughts from conscious awareness?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that younger children have less control over their thoughts and are less aware of their own cognitive processes. As a result, they are more likely to overestimate their ability to exclude particular thoughts from their consciousness.

Question 15

A quiz show winner says, "I don't know how I solved the problem. The solution just popped into mind without thought!" This winner does badly at

Accepted Answer

Metacognition refers to our awareness and understanding of our own thought processes, including how we remember and solve problems. If the quiz show winner cannot explain how they solved the problem, then they are exhibiting poor metacognition.

Question 16

Joe College sat through a lecture with arms folded. He said, "I remember enough. It was on cognition." Joe's memory for the lecture was of its

Accepted Answer

Joe's memory for the lecture was of its gist, meaning he remembered the main ideas without necessarily recalling every detail or word verbatim.

Question 17

The effort to encode precise verbatim representations instead of fuzzy gists

Accepted Answer

The answer of The effort to encode precise verbatim representations...

Question 18

Patient H.M. had his hippocampus removed and is unable to benefit from learning. Yet, with movement skills, he begins practice each later day at a higher level than he began the previous day. H.M. shows

Accepted Answer

Patient H.M.'s ability to improve his movement skills despite being unable to benefit from learning indicates implicit memory, which refers to unconscious memory that is not dependent on the hippocampus.

Question 19

When age differences are found on memory tests, they are

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that age differences are typically stronger on explicit memory tasks, which involve consciously retrieving previously learned information, compared to implicit memory tasks, which involve using previously learned information without conscious awareness.

Question 20

A slogan of the fuzzy-trace theory of knowledge would be,

Accepted Answer

Fuzzy-trace theory suggests that people encode, store, and retrieve the gist (the general idea) of information, rather than focusing on detailed, verbatim information. This theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the essence rather than memorizing every specific detail.

Quiz 7: Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives