Question 1

Benjamin, a military officer, strongly believes that a soldier has to do whatever it takes to protect his or her country. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Benjamin is at the _____ of moral development.

Accepted Answer

The postconventional level of moral development is characterized by a recognition of individual rights and by a set of principles that transcend specific situations. Individuals at this level of moral reasoning support laws that follow these principles, even if the laws violate their personal values or beliefs. Benjamin's belief that a soldier needs to do whatever it takes to protect the country reflects a commitment to a set of principles that transcend specific situations, indicating that he has reached the postconventional level of moral development.

Question 2

Pam is a manager at Adrent Corp. She is hiring candidates for a new position in the company. While interviewing them, Pam asks each candidate, "What would you do if you see someone in the company taking a bribe?" Which of the following types of tests is Pam using to screen the candidates?

Accepted Answer

Pam is using an overt integrity test by directly asking the candidates a question related to ethical behavior. Covert integrity tests are designed to be subtle and may not directly ask about ethical behavior. Aptitude-based integrity tests assess a candidate's ability to make ethical decisions, while personality-based integrity tests evaluate a candidate's personality traits related to integrity.

Question 3

For a code of ethics to encourage ethical decision making and behavior in a company, _____.

Accepted Answer

A code of ethics should be developed based on practical ethical standards and procedures that are specific to the company's industry or line of business. It should also take into account the interests of customers and shareholders, and should reflect the organization's goals and mission. The code of ethics should be communicated both inside and outside the company, to ensure that all stakeholders understand its importance and the organization's commitment to ethical behavior.

Question 4

Oliver decided to cheat on a test although he knew it was wrong as he needed a passing grade in the subject. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Oliver is at the _____ of moral development in this scenario.

Accepted Answer

Oliver's decision to cheat for a passing grade reflects the instrumental exchange stage, where actions are guided by self-interest and the pursuit of rewards.

Question 5

When Rubberstamp Productions, previously a small-time production house, grew in size, the first thing its chief executive officer (CEO) did was to establish a set of guidelines that detailed all the principles, standards, and procedures to be followed in the company's line of business. The CEO set specific standards on topics ranging from treatment of coworkers to protecting the environment to maintenance of financial records. This scenario illustrates that the CEO developed a _____.

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes the CEO establishing a set of guidelines that include principles, standards, and procedures to be followed, indicating the development of a code of ethics. The other options, such as a database of employee records or a performance appraisal document, are not mentioned in the scenario. A cognitive map is also not relevant to the scenario.

Question 6

In the _____ of the postconventional level of moral development, you are careful not to violate the rights of others.

Accepted Answer

The social contract stage is the third stage in the postconventional level of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg. At this stage, individuals promote the greater good and consider the rights and values of others. They understand that laws and social contracts are flexible and may need to be revised to improve society. Therefore, they carefully and thoughtfully navigate moral issues to avoid violating anyone's rights.

Question 7

Peter's friends are going to a party that serves alcohol, but Peter refuses to go because he is 15 years old and is below the legal drinking age in his country. Peter knows that he will not get caught but strongly feels that it is important to not do something that is illegal. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Peter is at the _____ of moral development in this scenario.

Accepted Answer

Peter's decision to refrain from drinking even though he knows he won't get caught shows that he places a high value on following laws and regulations. This is consistent with Kohlberg's law and order stage, in which individuals believe that rules and laws are necessary for maintaining a functioning society. Peter's decision is not based on avoiding punishment (punishment and obedience stage) or considering personal gain or exchange (instrumental exchange stage) but rather on following what he sees as the right thing to do according to society's laws and regulations. This decision is also not driven by a desire for approval or to avoid disapproval (good boy, nice girl stage).

Question 8

Jason, a police officer, strongly believes in justice and does not accept bribes from others. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Jason is operating at the _____.

Accepted Answer

Jason's strong belief in justice and refusal to accept bribes demonstrates that he is operating at the postconventional level of moral development, which involves acting in accordance with abstract principles of justice and individual rights rather than simply following rules and laws or seeking personal gain.

Question 9

Under the _____, an individual should never take any action that harms the least fortunate people in some way.

Accepted Answer

The principle of distributive justice focuses on ensuring that benefits and burdens are distributed fairly among all individuals in society, with a particular emphasis on protecting the interests of the least advantaged members. Therefore, under this principle, individuals should avoid taking actions that harm the least fortunate people in any way.

Question 10

According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, people at the _____ of moral development make decisions that conform to societal expectations.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the conventional level is the second stage of moral reasoning, usually occurring in adolescence and early adulthood, during which individuals make moral decisions that conform to societal expectations and seek approval from others. This level is characterized by a focus on maintaining social order and obeying authority, and individuals at this level typically conform to the norms and values of their culture or society. Therefore, the best choice is A) conventional level.

Question 11

The _____ holds that an individual should never do anything that is not honest, open, and truthful and that he or she would not be glad to see reported in the newspapers or on television.

Accepted Answer

The principle described in the question is the principle of personal virtue, which emphasizes honesty, openness, and truthfulness in all actions. The other choices, such as government requirements, distributive justice, and utilitarian benefits, are not related to this principle.

Question 12

A(n) _____ is a written test that estimates job applicants' honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or about punishment of unethical behaviors.

Accepted Answer

An overt integrity test is a written test that estimates job applicants' honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or punishment of unethical behaviors. The other options - effort-based integrity test, personality-based integrity test, and covert integrity test - do not fit this description.

Question 13

Kate, a school teacher, strongly believes that children never tell the truth if they are not afraid of the consequences of lying. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Kate is at the _____ of moral development in this scenario.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kate, a school teacher, strongly believes that...

Question 14

Jamie is interviewing a candidate for a position in his company. He is not sure if the candidate is going to be an ethical employee, so he asks him, "What would you do if you see someone stealing things from the company?" Which of the following types of tests is Jamie using to screen the candidate?

Accepted Answer

Jamie is using an overt integrity test because he is directly asking the candidate about a potential unethical behavior, rather than using subtle or indirect measures to assess their integrity.

Question 15

During a test, Zoe's teacher tells him and his classmates that if she catches them cheating, she would give them poor grades. Hence, Zoe refuses to cheat during the test though his classmates cheat when the teacher steps outside the room. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Zoe is at the _____ of moral development in this scenario.

Accepted Answer

Zoe's decision to not cheat despite the temptation and peer pressure can be seen as adherence to the rules set by the teacher, which is characteristic of Kohlberg's punishment and obedience stage. This stage is marked by a focus on avoiding punishment by following rules and not breaking them. Zoe may not necessarily have an understanding of the moral reasoning behind why cheating is wrong, but rather is obeying authority and following rules to avoid punishment.

Question 16

Managers can use overt integrity tests to _____.

Accepted Answer

Overt integrity tests are used in the employee selection process to identify individuals who possess high levels of honesty, trustworthiness, and ethical behavior. Managers use these tests as a tool to select and hire ethical employees who are less likely to engage in unethical behavior.

Question 17

In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, unlike the law and order stage, in the instrumental exchange stage, _____.

Accepted Answer

In the instrumental exchange stage, individuals focus on their own needs and desires, rather than external rules or laws. They are less concerned with punishment or approval, and instead focus on doing what benefits themselves. This is different from the law and order stage, where individuals prioritize following laws and rules, even if they conflict with personal principles or desires.

Question 18

In the context of the postconventional level of moral development, which of the following statements is true of individuals in the universal principle stage?

Accepted Answer

Individuals in the universal principle stage of moral development prioritize their own ethical principles over societal norms or laws. They recognize that laws may not always align with their personal values and beliefs, and are willing to break laws that they perceive as unjust or immoral. Therefore, they would stick to their principles even if their decision conflicts with the law.

Question 19

Matt refused to illegally download his favorite artist's new album even though his preordered copy was arriving late. He believes that he cannot support the artist and the music industry if he illegally downloads music. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Matthew is at the _____ of moral development in this scenario.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, the social contract stage is where an individual recognizes the importance of social order and laws, but also understands that laws are relative and open to change. Matt's refusal to illegally download the album shows that he recognizes the importance of the law and wants to respect it, even though it may not benefit him in the short term. Therefore, he is exhibiting characteristics of the social contract stage.

Question 20

Stanley, a lawyer, strongly believes that it is his duty to win a case even if his client is guilty of a crime. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Stanley is at the _____ of moral development.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, individuals at the postconventional level base their decisions on abstract principles of justice, rights, and values, rather than following authority or societal norms. Stanley believes in the principle of the duty of a lawyer to win a case, despite the guilt of his client, which reflects abstract principles of justice and duty, rather than societal norms or authority. Therefore, he falls under the postconventional level of moral development.

Quiz 4: Ethics and Social Responsibility