Question 1

Describe automatic and controlled processes.Explain the role that each play in consciousness.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Describe how an MRI works.

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

Information about your bedroom,such as the number of windows in it,is often easily pulled from __________ awareness to conscious awareness.

Accepted Answer

The preconscious contains information that is not currently in consciousness but can be readily accessed or brought to conscious awareness. Therefore, information such as the number of windows in one's bedroom is likely stored in the preconscious and can easily be retrieved. The superconscious represents a level of awareness beyond the individual's usual level. The subconscious refers to mental activity that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. The unconscious represents a level of awareness that is not accessible to the individual without the use of specific techniques, such as hypnosis or psychoanalysis.

Question 4

The main difference between habituation and sensory adaptation is that habituation

Accepted Answer

Habituation involves some conscious control over whether to notice something to which one has become habituated, whereas sensory adaptation occurs automatically without any conscious control. Option A is incorrect because habituation does involve sensory stimuli, and option B is incorrect because habituation can be adaptive in certain situations. Option C is irrelevant and does not provide a correct explanation of either concept.

Question 5

The effects of practice on automatization show a __________ curve,in which early practice effects are great and later practice makes less and less difference in the degree of automatization.

Accepted Answer

The statement "early practice effects are great and later practice makes less and less difference in the degree of automatization" describes a negatively accelerating curve. Therefore, the best choice is D, negatively accelerated.

Question 6

Describe the relationship between attention and consciousness.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Mistakes are to controlled processes as ____________ are to automatic processes.

Accepted Answer

Slips are errors that occur during automatic processes, while controlled processes are more susceptible to mistakes. The other options, such as tip-of-the-tongue effects and stroop effects, are related to memory and attention processes but are not directly relevant to the relationship between mistakes and automatic processes.

Question 8

Describe the difference between selective attention and vigilance.

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

__________ refers to the process by which particular stimuli activate mental pathways that enhance the ability to process subsequent stimuli related to the initial stimuli in some way.

Accepted Answer

Priming refers to the phenomenon where exposure to a particular stimulus (the prime) can influence the processing of subsequent stimuli (the target). This can result in faster, more accurate processing of the target. Priming can occur at various levels of processing, including perceptual, semantic, and conceptual, and can occur both consciously and unconsciously. Feature enhancement refers to the selective processing of certain features of a stimulus, rather than priming. Conjunction processing refers to processing multiple features of a stimulus simultaneously, while binaural processing refers to the processing of sound information from both ears.

Question 10

__________ refers to an experience involving the preconscious level of consciousness,in which a person tries to remember something that is known to be stored in memory,but that the person cannot quite retrieve.

Accepted Answer

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a common experience where a person tries to remember something that is known to be stored in memory but cannot quite retrieve it. It is a preconscious experience as the information is not fully conscious but is still available in memory. This phenomenon often occurs when trying to recall a person's name or a specific word.

Question 11

Which of the following answers indicate the pattern of results that Marcel (1983)found using primes that have two different meanings (e.g. ,palm: hand or tree)?

Accepted Answer

Marcel (1983) found evidence for positive priming only (facilitation) using primes that have two different meanings.

Question 12

Tom works at a fish store.When he gets home,his family comments on how strongly he smells.He,in contrast,cannot smell any fish odor at all.This example illustrates the phenomenon of

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes the process of sensory adaptation, where Tom has been exposed to the fish odor for an extended period of time, causing his sensory receptors to become less sensitive to the stimulus. As a result, he is no longer able to detect the odor, whereas his family members, who have not been exposed to the odor, are still able to perceive it.

Question 13

__________ processing refers to cognitive processing that requires conscious control and effort that is performed one step at a time.

Accepted Answer

Controlled processing refers to cognitive processing that requires conscious control and effort that is performed one step at a time. This type of processing requires attention and mental effort, and is more likely to be used for complex or unfamiliar tasks.

Question 14

Jessica usually puts on perfume in the morning.She has noticed that,although she can smell the perfume on herself immediately after putting it on,she can barely smell it the rest of the day.Yet,others around her can smell her perfume easily.Jessica is showing

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is sensory adaptation, which is the tendency for sensory receptors to become less responsive to a continuous or constant stimulus. In this case, Jessica's olfactory receptors have adapted to the constant presence of the perfume, making it less noticeable to her over time. However, others around her who are not constantly exposed to the perfume can still easily detect it.

Question 15

While studying for an exam,Suzanne likes to keep the radio on.She quickly gets used to the music in the background and she scarcely notices it.Suzanne is showing

Accepted Answer

Suzanne is showing habituation, which is the process of becoming accustomed to a stimulus over time, leading to a decrease in response. In this case, she becomes used to the background music and stops noticing it.

Question 16

The __________ refers to the psychological difficulty in selective attention that occurs when a literate person attempts to name the colors of ink which are printed color words that label contrasting colors (e.g. ,"blue" may be printed in red ink).

Accepted Answer

The Stroop effect refers to the phenomenon where it is harder for a person to name the color of the ink of a word if the word itself spells out a different color. This is a form of interference that highlights the automatic nature of reading and how it can interfere with more intentional processes, such as naming the color of the ink. The other options do not accurately describe this phenomenon.

Question 17

The automatic processes of habituation and dishabituation occur

Accepted Answer

Habituation and dishabituation have been observed in a variety of animal species from insects to primates, so option B is the correct answer. While infants also display these processes, it is not limited to them. As for adults and mammals, option A and D are incorrect as these processes occur in both, but not exclusively to them.

Question 18

__________ refers to a temporary physiological response to a sensed change in the environment,which is generally not subject to conscious control and which does not depend on previous experience with the given type of environmental change.

Accepted Answer

Sensory adaptation is the temporary physiological response to a sensed change in the environment. It is not subject to conscious control and does not depend on previous experience with the given type of environmental change. Habituation refers to a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, Proceduralization refers to the process of automating a task through practice, and Automatization refers to the ability to perform a task without conscious effort or attention.

Question 19

__________ refers to a degree of physiological excitation,responsivity,and readiness for action relative to a baseline.

Accepted Answer

Arousal refers to the level of physiological excitation, readiness for action, and responsivity in relation to a baseline. It can be influenced by factors such as stress, motivation, and emotions.

Question 20

__________ processing refers to cognitive manipulation that requires no conscious decisions or intentional effort.

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to cognitive manipulation that occurs without conscious decisions or intentional effort. This type of processing usually results from frequent experience with a task or stimulus, and can occur in parallel (simultaneously) with other tasks. Examples of automatic processing include driving familiar routes, recognizing faces, and reading word-by-word.

Quiz 4: Attention and Consciousness