Question 1

Your knowledge about cognitive psychology,about world history,about your own personal history,and about mathematics all rely on your mental representation of what cognitive psychologists call __________ knowledge.
A)procedural
B)declarative
C)semantic
D)conceptual

Accepted Answer

Declarative knowledge refers to the knowledge of facts, information, and concepts that can be declared or stated explicitly. This type of knowledge is essential in cognitive psychology and is required for storing and retrieving information about personal and world history, mathematics, and other subjects. Procedural knowledge, on the other hand, concerns the knowledge of procedures and skills required to perform a task, while semantic knowledge refers to the knowledge of the meaning of words and concepts. Conceptual knowledge is a broader term that encompasses various types of knowledge, including procedural, semantic, and declarative knowledge.

Question 2

With prototype theory,______ are features that are typically present and are consistent with one's exemplars for that particular concept.
A)prototypes
B)characteristic features
C)exemplars
D)defining features

Accepted Answer

Characteristic features are the features that are typically present and consistent with one's exemplars for a particular concept according to prototype theory. Prototypes are the typical examples of a concept, exemplars are specific instances of a concept that one may encounter, and defining features are features that are necessary and sufficient to classify an object as a member of a concept.

Question 3

This particular type of category,unlike other types of categories,is flexible and can change over time.
A)ad hoc categories
B)artifact categories
C)natural categories
D)polymorphous categories

Accepted Answer

Ad hoc categories are created on a temporary basis for a specific purpose or situation, and they can change over time as the situation changes or new information is discovered. This is unlike natural categories (which are based on inherent properties of objects) and artifact categories (which are based on human-made objects), which are more stable and less likely to change over time. Polymorphous categories are a specific type of ad hoc category that can take on multiple different forms, depending on the context.

Question 4

__________ are thoughts or ideas (or words)that can be described more aptly by using characteristic features than by using defining features.
A)Fuzzy concepts
B)Reference concepts
C)Classical concepts
D)Exemplars

Accepted Answer

Fuzzy concepts are those that cannot be precisely defined using defining features but are better described using characteristic features. This is because they lack clear boundaries and can vary in meaning depending on context and perspective. Examples include concepts like "justice" or "love." The other options do not fit this description as well. Reference concepts refer to specific entities, classical concepts are those that can be precisely defined using necessary and sufficient conditions, and exemplars are specific instances or examples of a concept.

Question 5

__________ are words such as bachelor that can be readily defined through defining features.
A)Fuzzy concepts
B)Reference concepts
C)Classical concepts
D)Prototypes

Accepted Answer

Classical concepts are clearly defined through defining features, and bachelor is a classical concept because it has a clear and distinct definition. Fuzzy concepts are those that are uncertain or vague, reference concepts rely on personal experiences and cultural context, and prototypes are typical or representative examples of a concept.

Question 6

__________ refer(s)to the use of multiple approaches and techniques to come together in addressing a problem or in responding to a question.
A)The multiplicity method
B)The multi-techniques approach
C)Converging operations
D)Diverging operations

Accepted Answer

Converging operations refer to the use of multiple approaches and techniques to come together in addressing a problem or in responding to a question. This involves the use of different methods that converge on a particular finding or conclusion. The idea is that by using multiple approaches and techniques, researchers can strengthen the validity and reliability of their findings, and reduce the impact of individual biases or errors. The converging operations approach is commonly used in many fields such as psychology, neuroscience, and social sciences.

Question 7

__________ are thoughts or ideas (or words)that can be described more aptly by using defining features than by using characteristics features.
A)Fuzzy concepts
B)Reference concepts
C)Classical concepts
D)Exemplars

Accepted Answer

Classical concepts are defined by a clear set of rules or properties that something must have to be considered a member of that concept. This approach relies on defining features, making it distinct from fuzzy concepts, which are more ambiguous and can't be as easily defined by a strict set of characteristics.

Question 8

__________ refers to an approach to understanding cognition that involves an attempt to enable machines such as computers to simulate various cognitive processes that characterize human intelligence.
A)Elementary information process
B)The simulated intelligence view
C)Schematic simulation
D)Artificial intelligence

Accepted Answer

The description given in the question refers to the field of artificial intelligence, which is concerned with developing computer programs that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as understanding natural language, recognizing patterns, problem-solving, and decision-making. Therefore, the correct answer is option D, artificial intelligence.

Question 9

Whereas a __________ feature is possessed by every instance of a concept,a __________ feature need not be.
A)prototypical;defining
B)defining;prototypical
C)characteristic;defining
D)defining;characteristic

Accepted Answer

A defining feature is essential for every instance of a concept, while a characteristic feature is not necessary for every instance.

Question 10

__________ are a set of components,each of which is an essential element of a given concept,and which together compose the properties that uniquely define the concept.
A)Defining features
B)Prototypical features
C)Characteristic features
D)Deep structures

Accepted Answer

Defining features are the essential components that together create the unique properties of a concept. They are necessary for an individual to identify and understand a concept.

Question 11

__________ knowledge refers to information regarding facts and ideas,which can be stated in terms of propositions (sometimes described as "knowing that").
A)Semantic
B)Procedural
C)Declarative
D)Conceptual

Accepted Answer

Declarative knowledge is also known as propositional knowledge, which consists of facts and ideas that can be stated in terms of propositions, such as "the sky is blue" or "the Earth rotates around the sun." Semantic knowledge refers specifically to the understanding of the meaning of words and language, while procedural knowledge is knowledge of how to do things, such as riding a bike or cooking a meal. Conceptual knowledge refers to an understanding of abstract or complex concepts, such as justice or democracy.

Question 12

The fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge is the __________,which may be organized into __________.
A)concept;schemas
B)concept;hidden units
C)node;schemas
D)node;concepts

Accepted Answer

The fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge is a concept, as it represents a mental representation of a category or idea. These concepts can be organized into schemas, which are larger, more complex structures that represent knowledge about a particular domain. Therefore, choice A (concept/schemas) is the best answer. Choice B (concept/hidden units) is incorrect, as hidden units typically refer to internal units within neural networks that are not directly related to symbolic knowledge. Choice C (node/schemas) is partially correct, as nodes are sometimes used to represent concepts, but schemas are a more common organizational structure. Choice D (node/concepts) is incorrect, as it implies that nodes are the fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge, which is not necessarily true.

Question 13

When talking about concepts and categories,items such as airplanes,cars,and boats are examples of _____.
A)artifact categories
B)classical concepts
C)fuzzy concepts
D)natural categories

Accepted Answer

Artifact categories are human-made objects grouped based on their purpose or creation, such as airplanes, cars, and boats. Natural categories, on the other hand, would include things found in nature without human intervention.

Question 14

__________ knowledge refers to information regarding how to execute a sequence of operations (sometimes described as "knowing how").
A)How-to
B)Executive
C)Declarative
D)Procedural

Accepted Answer

Procedural knowledge refers to knowledge of how to perform certain actions or procedures. It involves knowledge of the steps involved in performing a certain task or activity. It is also known as "know-how" knowledge.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a defining feature of bachelor?
A)unmarried
B)childless
C)male
D)adult

Accepted Answer

The term "bachelor" specifically refers to an unmarried man, which inherently includes being male (C) and adult (D) in its definition. However, being childless (B) is not a defining feature of a bachelor, as a bachelor can have children but must remain unmarried to be considered a bachelor.

Question 16

When talking about concepts and categories,items such as turtles,alligators,trees,and grass are examples of _____.
A)artifact categories
B)classical concepts
C)fuzzy concepts
D)natural categories

Accepted Answer

Natural categories are based on similarities between real-world objects or phenomena. Turtles, alligators, trees, and grass are all examples of natural categories because they are based on similarities between actual living things and plants in the natural world.

Question 17

The term wife is comprised of a number of components,namely adult,female,and married.These are called _____ according to the componential theory of meaning.
A)defining features
B)prototypical features
C)characteristic features
D)deep structures

Accepted Answer

According to the componential theory of meaning, words can be broken down into smaller components, including defining features that are necessary for the word to have meaning. In this case, the defining features of the word "wife" are adult, female, and married.

Question 18

Your knowledge of how to ride a bicycle,how to write your signature,how to drive a car to a familiar location,and how to catch a ball all depend on your mental representation of what cognitive psychologists call __________ knowledge.
A)how-to
B)executive
C)declarative
D)procedural

Accepted Answer

Procedural knowledge refers to knowledge about how to perform certain tasks or activities. This includes motor skills such as riding a bike, catching a ball or driving a car. It is often acquired through practice and experience and is often difficult to put into words.

Question 19

The fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge is typically viewed as
A)a concept.
B)a word.
C)a morpheme.
D)a schema.

Accepted Answer

A concept is defined as a mental representation of a category or class of objects, events, or ideas that share common features or characteristics. It is the most basic unit of symbolic knowledge and serves as a building block for higher levels of cognition and language. Words, morphemes, and schemas are all related to concepts but are not considered the fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge.

Question 20

A __________ refers to an idea or a thought about something.
A)frame
B)concept
C)morpheme
D)schema

Accepted Answer

A concept refers to a general idea or thought about something. A frame refers to a structure or framework for understanding something, a morpheme refers to the smallest unit of meaning in language, and a schema refers to a mental framework or organization of information.

Quiz 8: The Organization of Knowledge in the Mind

Your knowledge about cognitive psychology,about world history,about your own personal history,and about mathematics all rely on your mental representation of what cognitive psychologists call __________ knowledge.

With prototype theory,______ are features that are typically present and are consistent with one's exemplars for that particular concept.

This particular type of category,unlike other types of categories,is flexible and can change over time.

__________ are thoughts or ideas (or words) that can be described more aptly by using characteristic features than by using defining features.

__________ are words such as bachelor that can be readily defined through defining features.

__________ refer(s) to the use of multiple approaches and techniques to come together in addressing a problem or in responding to a question.

__________ are thoughts or ideas (or words) that can be described more aptly by using defining features than by using characteristics features.

__________ refers to an approach to understanding cognition that involves an attempt to enable machines such as computers to simulate various cognitive processes that characterize human intelligence.

Whereas a feature is possessed by every instance of a concept,a feature need not be.

__________ are a set of components,each of which is an essential element of a given concept,and which together compose the properties that uniquely define the concept.

__________ knowledge refers to information regarding facts and ideas,which can be stated in terms of propositions (sometimes described as "knowing that") .

The fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge is the ,which may be organized into .

When talking about concepts and categories,items such as airplanes,cars,and boats are examples of _____.

__________ knowledge refers to information regarding how to execute a sequence of operations (sometimes described as "knowing how") .

Which of the following is not a defining feature of bachelor?

When talking about concepts and categories,items such as turtles,alligators,trees,and grass are examples of _____.

The term wife is comprised of a number of components,namely adult,female,and married.These are called _____ according to the componential theory of meaning.

Your knowledge of how to ride a bicycle,how to write your signature,how to drive a car to a familiar location,and how to catch a ball all depend on your mental representation of what cognitive psychologists call __________ knowledge.

The fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge is typically viewed as

A __________ refers to an idea or a thought about something.