Question 1

Lequoia decided to conduct her study at the mall.She watched people at the mall for very specific behavior and simply kept track of the number of times the behavior occurred for various groups.This would be an example of
A)naturalistic observation
B)structuralism
C)case study
D)self-report

Accepted Answer

Lequoia is conducting naturalistic observation by observing people in their natural setting (the mall) and recording their behavior without interfering or manipulating anything. Structuralism focuses on analyzing the basic elements of consciousness, case studies involve in-depth analysis of a single individual or group, and self-report involves obtaining information directly from participants through surveys or interviews.

Question 2

In an experimental design,this is often the outcome or the variable that is being measured (e.g. ,score on a test).
A) extraneous variable
B)independent variable
C)dependent variable
D)confounding variable

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the outcome or the variable being measured in an experimental design. It is what you are trying to predict or explain based on changes to the independent variable. The other choices are not the outcome or variable being measured. The extraneous variable is any variable that is not the independent or dependent variable but may affect the results, while the independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated or changed intentionally. A confounding variable is a variable that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variable, making it difficult to interpret the results.

Question 3

__________ is a type of variable that is left uncontrolled in an experiment.Such a variable could contribute to difference in performance making it difficult to interpret the results of the experiment.
A)Independent variable
B)Confounding variable
C)Dependent variable
D)Controlled variable

Accepted Answer

A confounding variable is a type of variable that is not controlled in an experiment and can affect the outcome of the experiment in unexpected ways. It is not the independent variable, which is deliberately manipulated by the experimenter. It is also not the dependent variable, which is the outcome measure being studied. Controlled variables are variables that are deliberately kept constant in an experiment.

Question 4

Brian was playing a game of three truths and a lie with some of his friends.The goal of the group is to identify the lie.Brian observed that the bigger the lie,the more the person would scratch his/her face.He thought that if he plotted amount of scratching by severity of lie that there would be a relation.Brian is thinking of what type of study.
A)quasi-experimental design
B)multivariate statistics
C)correlation
D)experimental design

Accepted Answer

Brian is thinking of correlating the amount of scratching with the severity of lie. Therefore, the best choice is correlation.

Question 5

This type of research is interested in identifying which parts of the brain and what specific brain activity are associated with particular cognitive tasks.
A)psychobiological research
B)cerebral relational analysis
C)structural relational analysis
D)biological research

Accepted Answer

Psychobiological research is focused on investigating the relationship between psychological processes (such as cognitive tasks) and biological factors (such as brain activity). It seeks to identify the specific parts of the brain and brain activity that are associated with particular cognitive tasks.

Question 6

Yaun participated in an experiment in which he saw various stimuli on a computer screen.After the experiment,Yaun was to provide feedback about what he thought was going on cognitively.This would be an example of
A)naturalistic observation.
B)individual observation.
C)case study.
D)self-report.

Accepted Answer

This would be an example of self-report as Yaun is providing his own feedback about his cognitive processes during the experiment.

Question 7

This technique for studying the brain occurs while the individual is alive,and specific cerebral damage is conducted to see the effects on function.
A)postmortem
B)cryogenic blockade
C)extracellular unit recording
D)in vivo

Accepted Answer

In vivo means "within the living," so in vivo techniques involve studying the brain while the individual is alive. Conducting specific cerebral damage to observe the effects on function is an example of an in vivo technique. Option A, postmortem, involves studying the brain after death. Option B, cryogenic blockade, is not a commonly used technique for studying the brain. Option C, extracellular unit recording, involves inserting a small electrode into the brain to record the activity of individual neurons, but it does not involve inducing cerebral damage.

Question 8

What does the term metacognition refer to?
A)It is a term that describes all the different theories of Intelligence.
B)The term describes the mathematical process used to calculate intelligence.
C)The term describes your understanding of your own thinking processes.
D)The term captures the cultural differences in intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Metacognition refers to a person's ability to reflect on their own thinking processes, including their strengths and weaknesses, and take appropriate actions to improve their learning or problem-solving abilities. It is a crucial aspect of successful learning and problem-solving. A is incorrect because metacognition is not a theory of intelligence, but rather a concept related to it. B is incorrect because metacognition has nothing to do with mathematical calculations. D is incorrect because metacognition is not related to cultural differences in intelligence but rather to individual differences in thinking processes.

Question 9

After conducting an experiment,the means for the two groups are not identical which may suggest a difference between the two groups.However,in order to be sure,you need to analyze the experimental results in terms of the likelihood that the result simply occurred by chance.This is called
A)statistical significance.
B)practical significance.
C)descriptive statistics.
D)meta-analysis.

Accepted Answer

Statistical significance is the term used to describe the likelihood that the differences between two groups or conditions are not simply due to chance. It involves analyzing the data using statistical tests to determine if the observed differences between groups are statistically significant or meaningful.

Question 10

Dorothy conducted an experiment in which there was a 20 point difference between the experimental and control group.The statistical test suggests that this result did not occur simply by chance.Dorothy's results are said to have (found)
A)statistical significance.
B)practical significance.
C)descriptive statistics.
D)meta-analysis.

Accepted Answer

A 20 point difference that is statistically significant suggests that the difference observed between the experimental and control group is not likely due to chance alone. This result is referred to as having statistical significance. Choice B, practical significance, refers to the practical or real-world importance of the results, which is not provided in the scenario. Choice C, descriptive statistics, refers to the summary statistics used to describe or summarize data, which is not relevant to the scenario. Choice D, meta-analysis, is a type of research study that combines the results of multiple studies to draw overall conclusions, which is not applicable to Dorothy's single experiment.

Question 11

This technique for studying the brain occurs after the death of the individual,and relates function prior to death to observable brain features after death.
A)postmortem
B)in vivo
C)aspiration lesions
D)cryogenic blockade

Accepted Answer

Postmortem refers to studying the brain after the individual has died. This technique can provide information about the brain's structure and function, and how they may relate to observable features of the brain postmortem. In vivo, on the other hand, refers to studying the brain while the individual is alive. Aspiration lesions and cryogenic blockade are not commonly used techniques for studying the brain.

Question 12

Every individual in the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for an experiment.
A)representative sample
B)single-subject design
C)random sample
D)systematic sampling

Accepted Answer

A random sample is one in which every individual in the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for an experiment. This ensures that there is no bias in the selection process, and that the sample is representative of the larger population.

Question 13

Erica is conducting experimental research in which she is looking at the effect of type of music on intellectual development.What is the independent variable in this example?
A)type of music
B)intellectual development
C)the control group
D)the experimental group

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated or changed in an experiment in order to measure its effect on the dependent variable. In this case, the independent variable is the type of music that is being played, while the dependent variable is intellectual development.

Question 14

In an experimental design,this is often the variable of interest that is being manipulated.
A)extraneous variable
B)independent variable
C)dependent variable
D)confounding variable

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated or controlled by the experimenter in order to see its effect on the dependent variable.

Question 15

Which theory of Intelligence emphasizes modularity?
A)Carroll: Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence
B)Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences
C)Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory
D)None of the theories emphasize modularity.

Accepted Answer

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences emphasizes modularity by proposing that intelligence is divided into distinct modules or types, each of which is independent of the others.

Question 16

This type of study simply looks for a statistical relationship between two or more variables without manipulating the variables of interest.
A)quasi-experimental design
B)multivariate statistics
C)correlation
D)experimental design

Accepted Answer

Correlation studies only seek to establish a relationship between variables without any manipulation. The other options involve some form of manipulation of variables.

Question 17

James was interested in a new study technique and whether it would have an impact on the retention of information when compared to a traditional study method.James had the experimental group,with the new study technique,study psychology,while the other group,with the old technique,studied Greek.In this example,the type of material (psychology versus Greek)would be an example of (a)____.
A)antithesis
B)confounding variable
C)random sample
D)representative sample

Accepted Answer

The type of material being studied is a potential confounding variable because it is not controlled for in the experiment and may have an effect on the results. A confounding variable is any variable other than the independent variable that could potentially influence the outcome of the study.

Question 18

The sample,when compared to the population,does a good job of reflecting many of the characteristics of the population.
A)systematic sampling
B)cross-sectional design
C)random sample
D)representative sample

Accepted Answer

A representative sample is one that accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger population from which it was drawn. This statement suggests that the sample is doing a good job of representing the population, indicating that it is a representative sample. The other options (systematic sampling, cross-sectional design, random sample) do not necessarily guarantee that the sample will be representative.

Question 19

Erica is conducting experimental research in which she is looking at the effect of type of music on intellectual development.What is the dependent variable in this example?
A)type of music
B)intellectual development
C)the control group
D)the experimental group

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed and is expected to change as a result of the independent variable (in this case, type of music). In this example, the dependent variable is intellectual development, as Erica is measuring how the type of music affects it.

Question 20

Christia is in the process of developing a research idea.She currently is reviewing various _____,which consists of explanatory principles for the phenomenon of interest.
A)correlational studies
B)dependent variables
C)hypotheses
D)theories

Accepted Answer

Theories consist of explanatory principles for a particular phenomenon, which would be relevant for Christia in developing her research idea. Correlational studies and dependent variables are more specific aspects of research design and may not be as relevant at this stage of developing a research idea. Hypotheses may be generated from theories but are not the same as theories themselves.

Quiz 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Lequoia decided to conduct her study at the mall.She watched people at the mall for very specific behavior and simply kept track of the number of times the behavior occurred for various groups.This would be an example of

In an experimental design,this is often the outcome or the variable that is being measured (e.g. ,score on a test) .

__________ is a type of variable that is left uncontrolled in an experiment.Such a variable could contribute to difference in performance making it difficult to interpret the results of the experiment.

This type of research is interested in identifying which parts of the brain and what specific brain activity are associated with particular cognitive tasks.

Yaun participated in an experiment in which he saw various stimuli on a computer screen.After the experiment,Yaun was to provide feedback about what he thought was going on cognitively.This would be an example of

This technique for studying the brain occurs while the individual is alive,and specific cerebral damage is conducted to see the effects on function.

What does the term metacognition refer to?

After conducting an experiment,the means for the two groups are not identical which may suggest a difference between the two groups.However,in order to be sure,you need to analyze the experimental results in terms of the likelihood that the result simply occurred by chance.This is called

Dorothy conducted an experiment in which there was a 20 point difference between the experimental and control group.The statistical test suggests that this result did not occur simply by chance.Dorothy's results are said to have (found)

This technique for studying the brain occurs after the death of the individual,and relates function prior to death to observable brain features after death.

Every individual in the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for an experiment.

Erica is conducting experimental research in which she is looking at the effect of type of music on intellectual development.What is the independent variable in this example?

In an experimental design,this is often the variable of interest that is being manipulated.

Which theory of Intelligence emphasizes modularity?

This type of study simply looks for a statistical relationship between two or more variables without manipulating the variables of interest.

The sample,when compared to the population,does a good job of reflecting many of the characteristics of the population.

Erica is conducting experimental research in which she is looking at the effect of type of music on intellectual development.What is the dependent variable in this example?

Christia is in the process of developing a research idea.She currently is reviewing various _____,which consists of explanatory principles for the phenomenon of interest.