Question 1

By age 6 to 7,intelligence test scores are good predictors of later
A) financial success.
B) academic achievement.
C) college attendance.
D) self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Intelligence test scores at ages 6-7 are good predictors of future academic achievement. There is some evidence to suggest that intelligence scores can also be linked to financial success and college attendance, but the strongest correlation is with academic achievement. Self-esteem is not directly related to intelligence test scores.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about children's theory of mind is true?
A) Preschoolers who engage in extensive make-believe play are ahead in their false-belief understanding.
B) Children who inhibit previously rewarded responses at age 3 or 4 have significant difficulty with false-belief tasks.
C) Preschoolers with older siblings have more difficulty with false-belief tasks than those with younger siblings.
D) Preschoolers' understanding of false beliefs is an important predictor of later IQ and academic achievement.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that preschoolers who engage in extensive make-believe play have a better understanding of false beliefs, which is an important aspect of theory of mind.

Answer: B 
 Children who show inhibitory control at a young age (around 3 or 4) are more likely to perform well on false-belief tasks because they have demonstrated the ability to inhibit a previously rewarded response.

Answer: C 
 There is no evidence to suggest that having older siblings makes it more difficult for preschoolers to understand false beliefs.

Answer: D 
 Though theory of mind is an important developmental milestone, it is not necessarily linked to later IQ or academic achievement.

Question 3

Although he sometimes forgets the number 8,4-year-old Tucker can count to 10.When his teacher counts out a set of 9 cards,saying each number as she proceeds,Tucker knows that the last number that the teacher says indicates the quantity of cards in the set.Tucker grasps the concept of
A) false belief.
B) computation.
C) ordinality.
D) cardinality.

Accepted Answer

Tucker's ability to understand that the last number his teacher says indicates the quantity of cards in the set suggests that he has grasped the concept of cardinality - the understanding that the last number given in a counting sequence represents the total quantity of objects being counted. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 4

Time devoted to watching educational programs,such as Sesame Street,is associated with __________ in elementary school.
A) higher aggression
B) academic progress
C) being overweight
D) more behavior problems

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that time spent watching educational programs, such as Sesame Street, is associated with better academic progress in elementary school.

Question 5

Many studies indicate that __________ ability strongly predicts preschoolers' false-belief understanding.
A) hierarchical classification
B) sustained attention
C) language
D) conservation

Accepted Answer

Language ability is a strong predictor of preschoolers' false-belief understanding because it helps them comprehend and articulate complex mental states and perspectives.

Question 6

Two-year-old Sariah hears the words "marker" and "tablet" and assigns each word correctly,to the whole object and not just part of it.She is displaying
A) a shape bias.
B) a mutual exclusivity bias.
C) overregularization.
D) overextension.

Accepted Answer

Sariah is displaying a mutual exclusivity bias, which is the tendency to assume that each object has only one name and one category. This means that when she hears the words "marker" and "tablet," she assigns each word to a separate object rather than using them interchangeably for a single object.

Question 7

Between 14 and 16 months,toddlers display a beginning grasp of
A) cardinality.
B) one-to-one correspondence.
C) ordinality.
D) chronological order.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Between 14 and 16 months,toddlers display a...

Question 8

__________ is the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language.
A) Phonological awareness
B) Private speech
C) Ordinality
D) Cardinality

Accepted Answer

Phonological awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate the individual sounds in spoken words. This includes understanding rhyme, alliteration, syllables, and phonemes (individual sounds). It is considered an important foundation for learning to read and write. Private speech refers to the practice of talking to oneself, while ordinality and cardinality relate to the understanding and use of numbers in counting and sequencing.

Question 9

Zachary,age 3,has autism.Zachary probably __________ often __________ than typically developing agemates.
A) more; engages in social referencing
B) less; establishes joint attention
C) more; imitates an adult's novel behaviors
D) less; uses words to echo what others say

Accepted Answer

One of the hallmark characteristics of autism is difficulty with establishing joint attention, which involves engaging with others to share attention to an object or event. Therefore, it is likely that Zachary engages in joint attention less frequently than typically developing agemates.

Question 10

Theory of mind involves
A) using scripts to tell stories.
B) using deliberate mental activities that improve recall.
C) using a repetitive communication style.
D) thinking about thought.

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand and attribute mental states such as beliefs, emotions, knowledge, and intentions to oneself and others. It involves thinking about and understanding thoughts and mental processes, which is captured in choice D. The other choices are not directly related to theory of mind.

Question 11

Preschoolers exposed to substandard child care,especially for long hours,score higher in
A) cognitive skills.
B) social skills.
C) behavior problems.
D) depression.

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers who are exposed to substandard childcare for long hours are at a higher risk of developing behavior problems. They may exhibit aggressive, noncompliant, or withdrawn behaviors due to a lack of attention, stimulation, and positive feedback from their caregivers. This can impact their overall development and success in school and later in life.

Question 12

According to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project,two years' exposure to cognitively enriching preschool was associated with
A) higher education and income at age 40.
B) greater academic achievement, but only for the first two to three years of elementary school.
C) greater false-belief understanding and concern with fairness in solving conflicts with peers.
D) better school adjustment, but not higher academic achievement.

Accepted Answer

The High/Scope Perry Preschool Project found that two years' exposure to cognitively enriching preschool was associated with higher education and income at age 40.

Question 13

Three-year-old Anna saw a word beginning with the letter B and said,"That's B for Big Bird!" Anna is demonstrating
A) private speech.
B) phonological speech.
C) emergent literacy.
D) interactive literacy.

Accepted Answer

Anna is demonstrating emergent literacy, which is the early stages of understanding reading and writing. She recognizes a letter and associates it with a character from a popular TV show, which shows she is starting to make connections between letters and familiar concepts.

Question 14

__________ is central to the Head Start philosophy.
A) Child-chosen activity
B) Guided participation
C) Decentration
D) Parent involvement

Accepted Answer

Parent involvement is central to the Head Start philosophy as it recognizes that parents are the primary educators of their children and play a crucial role in supporting children's development. Head Start programs are designed to engage parents in their children's learning and provide opportunities for them to be involved in their child's education and development. Through parent involvement, Head Start aims to strengthen families and support children's success both in and out of the classroom.

Question 15

Alan and Marla are considering whether to send their son to a child-centered preschool or an academic preschool.You should advise them that,compared to children in academic preschools,children in child-centered preschools
A) are often delayed in social skills.
B) have difficulty adjusting to academic tasks once they enter kindergarten.
C) demonstrate better social skills.
D) participate in more teacher-structured activities.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children in child-centered preschools tend to have better social skills, as these environments emphasize play, social interaction, and supporting children's natural development. While children in academic preschools may excel in early academic skills, they may struggle with adapting to the more play-based and child-led approach of kindergarten classrooms. Therefore, a child-centered preschool may be a better fit for Alan and Marla's son if they prioritize social and emotional development.

Question 16

A central component of Montessori education is
A) formal training in reading and writing.
B) repetition and drill.
C) child-chosen activities.
D) teacher-planned science lessons.

Accepted Answer

Montessori education emphasizes hands-on, child-centered learning in which students choose their own activities and work at their own pace. This approach fosters independence, self-motivation, and a love of learning, and is a central component of Montessori education. The other options, such as formal training in academic subjects or teacher-driven instruction, are not as central to the Montessori approach.

Question 17

Between ages 2 and 6,most children learn about _____ new words each __________.
A) 2; day
B) 5; day
C) 5; week
D) 10; week

Accepted Answer

Most children between ages 2 and 6 learn about 5 new words each day.

Question 18

Research suggests that children with autism
A) are especially skilled at distinguishing facial expressions and engaging in social referencing.
B) are more advanced than their agemates in make-believe play.
C) have difficulty with false-belief tasks long after they reach the intellectual level of an average 4-year-old.
D) have smaller-than-average brains.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that children with autism struggle with false-belief tasks even after reaching the level of an average 4-year-old. False-belief tasks require understanding that others can have beliefs that differ from one's own, and this is an area of challenge for many individuals with autism.

(Note: A, B, and D are not supported by research on autism.)

Question 19

Dan and Steven are considering getting their 4-year-old son a computer.Which of the following statements can you share with them to best help them understand the value of computers in early childhood?
A) Computers have no educational benefits until children are old enough to read fluently.
B) The use of word-processing programs in early childhood inhibits writing skills because the programs revise errors.
C) Young children who use computers to draw or write produce much less elaborate pictures and text.
D) Combining everyday and computer experiences with math manipulatives is especially effective in promoting math concepts and skills.

Accepted Answer

D is the best choice as it highlights the benefits of using computers for early childhood education. It emphasizes the importance of combining real-world experiences with computer-based learning to promote math skills and concepts. Option A and B are incorrect as computers have been shown to have significant educational benefits in early childhood. Option C is incorrect as research suggests that children who use computers to draw or write create more elaborate pictures and text than those who use traditional methods.

Question 20

Eighteen-month-old Gabriella witnesses her mother finding a Duplo block in its labeled canister.When her mother isn't looking,Gabriella watches as her father moves the block to an unmarked canister.When her mother again searches for the block in the original canister,Gabriella helps her locate the block in the unmarked canister.This indicates that Gabriella may have an implicit grasp of
A) false beliefs.
B) conservation.
C) irreversibility.
D) class inclusion.

Accepted Answer

Gabriella's ability to understand that her mother may have a false belief about the location of the Duplo block indicates an implicit grasp of false beliefs. False belief understanding is an important milestone in Theory of Mind development, which refers to the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. Gabriella's ability to help her mother locate the block also suggests that she is able to understand and anticipate other people's actions based on their beliefs and intentions.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

By age 6 to 7,intelligence test scores are good predictors of later

Which of the following statements about children's theory of mind is true?

Although he sometimes forgets the number 8,4-year-old Tucker can count to 10.When his teacher counts out a set of 9 cards,saying each number as she proceeds,Tucker knows that the last number that the teacher says indicates the quantity of cards in the set.Tucker grasps the concept of

Time devoted to watching educational programs,such as Sesame Street,is associated with __________ in elementary school.

Many studies indicate that __________ ability strongly predicts preschoolers' false-belief understanding.

Two-year-old Sariah hears the words "marker" and "tablet" and assigns each word correctly,to the whole object and not just part of it.She is displaying

Between 14 and 16 months,toddlers display a beginning grasp of

__________ is the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language.

Zachary,age 3,has autism.Zachary probably often than typically developing agemates.

Theory of mind involves

Preschoolers exposed to substandard child care,especially for long hours,score higher in

According to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project,two years' exposure to cognitively enriching preschool was associated with

Three-year-old Anna saw a word beginning with the letter B and said,"That's B for Big Bird!" Anna is demonstrating

__________ is central to the Head Start philosophy.

Alan and Marla are considering whether to send their son to a child-centered preschool or an academic preschool.You should advise them that,compared to children in academic preschools,children in child-centered preschools

A central component of Montessori education is

Between ages 2 and 6,most children learn about _ new words each ______.

Research suggests that children with autism

Dan and Steven are considering getting their 4-year-old son a computer.Which of the following statements can you share with them to best help them understand the value of computers in early childhood?