Question 1

Vygotsky saw __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that make-believe play provided an ideal social context for cognitive development in early childhood. Through make-believe play, children can practice and extend their cognitive and social skills in a safe and imaginative setting. Outdoor play, parallel play, and cooperative play can also facilitate development, but Vygotsky specifically emphasized the unique benefits of make-believe play.

Question 2

After a field trip to the farm,Ms.Parks wants to elicit the children's autobiographical narratives.She asks each child she calls on,"Do you remember the farm? What did we do at the farm?" Ms.Parks is using a(n)__________ style of questioning.

Accepted Answer

Ms. Parks is using a repetitive style of questioning. She is asking the same set of questions to each child without elaborating on their responses or asking follow-up questions to prompt more detailed stories.

Question 3

Children whose parents are effective scaffolders

Accepted Answer

Effective scaffolding involves the use of private speech by the parent to model problem-solving strategies and guide the child's actions. As a result, children whose parents are effective scaffolders are more likely to use private speech themselves.

Question 4

The ability to __________ is a skill that predicts social maturity and reading and math achievement from kindergarten through high school.

Accepted Answer

The ability to resist the "pull" of their attention toward a dominant stimulus, also known as inhibitory control, is a skill that predicts social maturity and reading and math achievement from kindergarten through high school. It is one of the executive functioning skills that is critical for success in academic and personal life.

Question 5

Ignacio lives in a remote Mayan village in Yucatan,Mexico.Ignacio does not rely on conversation and play to teach his children.Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?

Accepted Answer

In many traditional Mayan communities, children start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood and spend their days in contact with adult work. As a result, they learn through observation and participation rather than through conversation and play. Ignacio may prioritize teaching his children through practical skills and work experience rather than emphasizing academic or social skills.

Question 6

Dr.Frolicker shows a group of 4-year-olds a set of 10 items on a tray.She then mixes them up with some unfamiliar items and asks the children to point to the ones in the original set.Dr.Frolicker is testing

Accepted Answer

Dr. Frolicker is testing the children's ability to recognize the items from the original set amongst unfamiliar items. This is an example of recognition memory, where someone is able to identify and recognize previously learned information when it is presented to them. Recall memory, on the other hand, would involve asking the children to name all of the items from the original set without any visual cues. Sustained attention and episodic memory are not directly being tested in this scenario.

Question 7

Three-year-old Maya is asked to describe what happens at preschool.This task requires Maya to use

Accepted Answer

Scripts are generalized event representations that help children understand and predict what happens in familiar situations, like preschool activities.

Question 8

In scaffolding,when the child has little notion of how to proceed,the adult

Accepted Answer

When a child has little notion of how to proceed, the adult role in scaffolding is to provide direct instruction. This instruction should be tailored to the child's current skill level and offer support to help the child learn the task or concept. This support can then be slowly removed as the child gains independence and mastery.

Question 9

Guided participation

Accepted Answer

Guided participation involves shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, while scaffolding refers to the support and guidance provided by a more knowledgeable other during a learning task. Thus, guided participation is a broader concept than scaffolding as it includes not only the support provided but also the shared engagement in an activity. Guided participation can vary across situations and cultures and does not necessarily rely solely on verbal communication methods.

Question 10

Children's self-directed speech is now called __________ speech.

Accepted Answer

Children's self-directed speech is referred to as "private speech," which is speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior.

Question 11

Mary is helping her son,Dean,put together a difficult,but manageable,puzzle.When Dean tries to insert a piece in the wrong place a few times,Mary points to the bottom of the puzzle and says,"Does it go down here?" Mary is engaging in

Accepted Answer

Mary is using scaffolding by providing support and guidance to her son as he completes the puzzle. She is helping him build on his existing knowledge and skills by making suggestions and asking questions to guide his thinking.

Question 12

Four-year-old Rex goes with his family to New York City.When Rex returns to his preschool,he volunteers to tell the class about his trip.Rex's memory of this personally meaningful,one-time event is known as

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to the memory of personally meaningful events and experiences in one's life, such as Rex's trip to New York City.

Question 13

A color-matching activity is within Zelda's zone of proximal development.In order to complete this task,Zelda will need

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development refers to the range of tasks that a child can perform with the help or guidance of a more knowledgeable person. Therefore, since Zelda is within her zone of proximal development, she will need some guidance from an adult or more experienced peer in order to complete the color-matching activity. Choices A, C, and D are not necessarily relevant to fulfilling Zelda's needs for this particular task.

Question 14

Five-year-old Sebastian is becoming better at thinking out a sequence of acts ahead of time and allocating his attention accordingly to reach a goal.Sebastian is developing __________ skills.

Accepted Answer

Planning skills involve the ability to think ahead and allocate attention to reach a goal, which is exactly what Sebastian is doing. Centration refers to the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem, reversibility involves understanding that actions can be undone, and recall refers to memory retrieval.

Question 15

Compared to their Western agemates,5-year-old Yucatec Mayans

Accepted Answer

Yucatec Mayan children are often observed to take initiative and engage in tasks beyond those assigned, reflecting a cultural emphasis on community involvement and responsibility.

Question 16

Preschoolers

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers become more aware of their own mental life, including their thoughts, feelings, and desires. While they may not yet have fully developed skills in sustaining attention or inhibiting impulses, they are capable of some level of planning and goal-directed behavior.

Question 17

Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that language played a crucial role in shaping human cognitive development, and that it provided the foundation for higher mental processes such as problem solving, decision making, and critical thinking. Through language, children can not only express their thoughts and ideas but also internalize the thoughts and ideas of others, which in turn can shape their own thinking and behavior.

Question 18

Asking a child to remember 10 items that she was shown in an activity,without providing any perceptual support,requires her to use which type of memory?

Accepted Answer

Recall is the type of memory that requires the child to retrieve previously learned information without any support or cues. The other options (episodic, planning, recognition) involve different types of cognitive processes and do not necessarily require the child to rely solely on their memory. Therefore, recall is the best choice.

Question 19

Improvement in recall in early childhood is strongly associated with

Accepted Answer

Language development is closely linked to memory and recall in early childhood. As children learn new words and concepts, they also learn to recall and use them in context. This helps them to build better memory skills and improve overall recall abilities. Research has shown that children with stronger language skills tend to have better memory and recall abilities than those who struggle with language development.

Question 20

According to Vygotsky,children speak to themselves

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that children use self-talk as a means of self-guidance in problem-solving and decision-making. This is referred to as private speech, which eventually becomes inner speech as the child grows older. Private speech is not considered egocentric, nor is it solely for pleasure or to alleviate loneliness.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood