Question 1

Gender is to_____________ as sex is to_____________

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gender is to_____________ as sex is to_____________
...

Question 2

Research indicates that many preschoolers answer the question of "Who are you?" with the answer "I am a boy or girl." Therefore, _____________is one of the most salient categories for young children.

Accepted Answer

Young children often identify themselves by their gender, making it a prominent category in their self-concept.

Question 3

Four-year-old Annette states that she wants to be just like mommy. She watches her mother do many activities such as cooking and dressing and attempts to imitate her. According to Freudian theory, Annette is obtaining her sex-typed behavior through the process of

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian theory, identification is the process by which a child adopts the characteristics of the same-sex parent, which in this case is Annette imitating her mother.

Question 4

The presence of_____________ before the ages of 4 or 5 provides evidence to refute Freud's theory of gender development.

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory suggests that gender development occurs through the resolution of the Oedipal and Electra complexes around ages 4-5. The presence of sex-typed behaviors before this age suggests that gender development begins earlier, challenging Freud's timeline.

Question 5

Social learning theory emphasizes the role of_____________ in young children's acquisition of sex-typed activities.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement in young children's acquisition of sex-typed activities, as children learn behaviors through rewards and punishments.

Question 6

According to Kohlberg, sex-typed behaviors are learned once a child has acquired the concept of

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of gender development suggests that children learn sex-typed behaviors after they achieve gender constancy, which is the understanding that one's gender remains the same over time and across situations.

Question 7

Clarke knows that he is a boy. However, he tells his friend Jake that when he puts on an apron in the play area, he will become a girl. According to Kohlberg, Clarke is demonstrating a lack of understanding of

Accepted Answer

Clarke's belief that putting on an apron changes his gender indicates a lack of understanding of gender constancy, which is the realization that gender remains the same over time and across situations, regardless of changes in appearance or activities.

Question 8

According to_____________ theory, mental models of expected sex-role behaviors are essential in gender development.

Accepted Answer

Gender schema theory posits that mental models of expected sex-role behaviors are crucial in understanding and developing gender identity.

Question 9

For the first time, Neal announced that he was a boy. Neal is approximately_____________Year(s) of age.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For the first time, Neal announced that...

Question 10

Gender schema theory holds that children have well developed models for sex-typed behaviors for their own sex by age_____________ and for the opposite sex by age_____________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gender schema theory holds that children have...

Question 11

Mary and Peter are deciding in which activity to participate in the dramatic play center in the kindergarten room. Mary says that they should play house. Peter responds,

Accepted Answer

"Boys don't play house" is a gender stereotype that reinforces traditional gender roles and limits children's play experiences.

Question 12

The biological theory states that _____________influence psychological aspects of sex- typed behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Hormones influence psychological aspects of sex-typed behaviors according to the biological theory.

Question 13

Brothers Luis and Hector are playing cowboys together in their room. Four-year-old Luis states that one of the cowboys must be a girl because he has long hair. Hector who is 7 years old laughs and says that just having long hair doesn't make someone a boy. Hector is displaying

Accepted Answer

Hector is displaying true gender constancy, which is the understanding that gender remains the same over time and is not changed by superficial attributes like hair length.

Question 14

Gender constancy develops at the same age as

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy develops around the same age as other conservation capabilities, typically between ages 5 and 7, when children understand that gender remains the same over time and situations.

Question 15

Children demonstrate an understanding of culturally-defined sex stereotyped behaviors by age

Accepted Answer

By age 3, children begin to understand and demonstrate culturally-defined sex stereotyped behaviors, as they start to recognize gender roles and expectations.

Question 16

The most stringent sex-roles stereotyping occurs at age

Accepted Answer

At age 6, children often exhibit the most stringent sex-role stereotyping as they become more aware of societal gender norms and expectations.

Question 17

Research indicates that sex-typed behaviors occur_____________ cognitions about gender.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that sex-typed behaviors often occur before children develop cognitions about gender, indicating that behavior can precede the understanding of gender roles.

Question 18

For a school course you visit a preschool program. You notice that the little girls hold hands, share their toys, and offer suggestions on how to do things in a gentle manner. According to Maccoby, you are viewing

Accepted Answer

According to Maccoby, an enabling style is characterized by behaviors that support and facilitate social interaction, such as sharing, cooperation, and offering suggestions, which is what the little girls are exhibiting.

Question 19

The restrictive style of same-sex interactions is to_____________ as the enabling style is to_____________

Accepted Answer

The restrictive style of same-sex interactions is typically associated with boys, who often engage in competitive and hierarchical interactions. The enabling style is associated with girls, who tend to engage in more cooperative and supportive interactions.

Question 20

Allison is in the construction set activity area. She is busy building a road system for large construction vehicles. Which of the following is Allison demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

Allison is engaging in an activity that is traditionally associated with male roles, which demonstrates cross-gender behavior.

Quiz 9: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Gender is to_ as sex is to_