Question 1

How is amphetamine different from methamphetamine?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Based on information from worldwide drug seizures, which class of abused drugs has increased the most from 1998 to 2014?

Accepted Answer

Amphetamine-type stimulants have seen the most significant increase in worldwide drug seizures from 1998 to 2014, reflecting a growing trend in the abuse and trafficking of these substances.

Question 3

High-dose methamphetamine exposure has been linked to all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Methamphetamine exposure is known to cause reduced striatal dopamine levels, decreased staining of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in the dorsal striatum, and reduced dopamine transporter binding. However, it is not specifically linked to the cell death of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus; this effect is more commonly associated with other types of neurological damage or drug exposures.

Question 4

Chronic methamphetamine use has been associated with all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Chronic methamphetamine use is associated with a range of negative health outcomes, including psychosis, increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction, and premature aging. It does not enhance cognition; rather, it can impair cognitive function over time.

Question 5

All of the following are symptoms of ADHD except

Accepted Answer

High anxiety level is not a primary symptom of ADHD. ADHD is primarily characterized by symptoms such as impulsivity, disruptive behavior, and hyperactivity (hyperkinesis), rather than high anxiety levels. Anxiety can co-occur with ADHD but is not considered a core symptom of ADHD itself.

Question 6

Which statement concerning the drugs used to treat ADHD is true?

Accepted Answer

Most ADHD medications influence the dopamine system to help manage symptoms. Strattera (atomoxetine) is unique among ADHD treatments because it primarily affects norepinephrine, offering an alternative mechanism of action.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a drug used to treat ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Ephedrine is not used to treat ADHD; it is primarily used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anesthesia. Ritalin, Vyvanse, and Strattera are all medications used to treat ADHD.

Question 8

Which statement regarding mephedrone is false?

Accepted Answer

Mephedrone, like other psychoactive substances, has been shown to possess rewarding and reinforcing properties in experimental animals, which is contrary to the claim in option B. This is part of what makes it potentially addictive to humans, as these properties are indicative of a substance's ability to produce a "high" or pleasurable effect.

Question 9

Cocaine is considered to be a sympathomimetic drug. What does that mean, and what are some of the sympathomimetic effects of this compound?

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

What have knockout studies and research with receptor agonists/antagonists contributed to the understanding of the role of dopamine in the behavioral and reinforcing effects of psychostimulants?

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Question 11

Research has shown that some laboratory rats respond strongly to a moderate dose of cocaine (high responders; HCR), whereas other rats respond more weakly (low responders; LCR). What is the underlying neurochemical basis for this difference?

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

List several reasons why people initiate cocaine use, and then identify several reasons why these same individuals may not continue to experiment with cocaine to the point of abuse.

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Question 13

What factors contribute to an individual becoming a cocaine abuser? Describe the pattern of use that occurs during cocaine binges, and the abstinence syndrome that follows.

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Question 14

What have brain imaging studies in humans and related animal model studies told us about the neurochemical mechanisms of cocaine craving?

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Question 15

What changes occur in the rat dopamine system under conditions of cocaine tolerance produced by long-access cocaine self-administration? Are brain imaging studies of cocaine abusing or dependent individuals consistent with the rat results?

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Question 16

List several members of the amphetamine family of drugs. What do they have in common structurally? Identify two such compounds that occur in nature. How have amphetamines been used to treat diseases and enhance daily functioning, prior to being restricted by the government?

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Question 17

List a few drugs used in the treatment of ADHD that act selectively on the noradrenergic system. For each drug, indicate its mechanism of action on that system. Based on these mechanisms, would you expect the noradrenergic-related medications to differ from traditional psychostimulant medications in their degree of abuse potential?

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Quiz 11: Psychomotor Stimulants: