Question 1

Neural transmission is generally _______ within a single neuron and _______ between neurons.
A) chemical; electrical
B) electrical; electrical
C) electrical; chemical
D) chemical; chemical

Accepted Answer

Neural transmission is electrical within a single neuron, as electrical impulses travel along the axon. Between neurons, transmission is chemical, occurring through neurotransmitters across synapses.

Question 2

Postsynaptic potentials are a type of _______ potential.
A) action
B) local
C) resting
D) equilibrium

Accepted Answer

Postsynaptic potentials are a type of local potential, which are changes in membrane potential that are confined to a relatively small region of the plasma membrane.

Question 3

At the equilibrium potential, the two forces acting on ions are in balance. These forces are the _______ and the _______. A) Na⁺/K⁺ pump; threshold B) Na⁺/K⁺ pump; electrostatic gradient C) concentration gradient; action potential D) concentration gradient; electrostatic gradient

Accepted Answer

The two forces that balance at the equilibrium potential are the concentration gradient, which drives ions from areas of high concentration to low concentration, and the electrostatic gradient, which involves the attraction or repulsion of ions based on their charge.

Question 4

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are generally caused by _______ channels opening, while inhibitory postsynaptic potentials may be caused by _______ channels opening. A) Na⁺; Cl^- B) K⁺; Cl^- C) Ca²⁺; K⁺ D) Cl^-; K⁺

Accepted Answer

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are typically caused by the opening of sodium (Na+) channels, which allows Na+ ions to flow into the neuron, depolarizing it. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are often caused by the opening of chloride (Cl-) channels, which allows Cl- ions to flow into the neuron, making it more negative and hyperpolarizing it.

Question 5

What kind of information is carried by the ventral roots of the spinal cord?
A) Sensory information from muscles and skin
B) Proprioceptive information from joints and muscles
C) Motor information to muscles
D) Motor and sensory information

Accepted Answer

The ventral roots of the spinal cord carry motor information to muscles, allowing for the control of muscle movements.

Question 6

The _______ administration of oxytocin has been proposed as a treatment for autism.
A) intravenous
B) oral
C) intranasal
D) intracerebral

Accepted Answer

Intranasal administration of oxytocin is proposed as a treatment for autism because it allows the hormone to directly affect the brain, potentially improving social interactions and behaviors associated with autism.

Quiz 1: Principles of Pharmacology, Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Neural transmission is generally _ within a single neuron and _ between neurons.

Postsynaptic potentials are a type of _______ potential.

At the equilibrium potential, the two forces acting on ions are in balance. These forces are the _ and the _.

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are generally caused by _ channels opening, while inhibitory postsynaptic potentials may be caused by _ channels opening.

What kind of information is carried by the ventral roots of the spinal cord?

The _______ administration of oxytocin has been proposed as a treatment for autism.