Question 1

According to Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, which of the following is true of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?
A) It is characterized by the absence of commitment and lack of serious consideration of alternatives.
B) It is the ability to develop, consider, and systematically test hypotheses.
C) It is a hypothesis that states that there is a carryover of cognitive gains from work to leisure.
D) It is a coherent conception of the self that includes goals, values, and beliefs to which an adolescent is solidly committed.

Accepted Answer

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning, according to Piaget, refers to the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically, including the capability to develop hypotheses, consider possible solutions, and systematically test these hypotheses to reach a conclusion. This is a characteristic of the formal operational stage of cognitive development, typically emerging in adolescence.

Question 2

Sophia, a 13-year-old girl, experiments with a balance scale in her physics class. She tries to hang different weights at different points on a crossbar. She wants to understand the factors that affect the balancing of the scale. In the context of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, Sophia is demonstrating ________ in this scenario.
A) postconventional morality
B) haptic perception
C) hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D) dual representation hypothesis

Accepted Answer

Sophia is demonstrating hypothetical-deductive reasoning, which is characteristic of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory. This stage, typically beginning around age 12, involves the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and systematically solve problems by forming hypotheses and testing them.

Question 3

Which of the following is a problem with Piaget's conception of formal operations?
A) It fails to adequately consider the role of metacognition.
B) It underestimates the abilities of older children.
C) It pays too much attention to individual differences between children.
D) It overemphasizes the importance of social and cultural influences.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development, particularly the stage of formal operations, has been criticized for not adequately considering the role of metacognition. Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, which is a significant aspect of cognitive development not thoroughly addressed in Piaget's model.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true about the evaluation of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory?
A) It does not seem to represent moral reasoning in non-Western cultures as accurately as in the Western culture.
B) It pays attention to individual differences, to variations in the same child's performance on different kinds of tasks, and to social and cultural influences.
C) It demonstrates that children display aspects of scientific thinking at the end of adolescence, and it overestimates some younger children's abilities.
D) It does not adequately consider such cognitive advances as gains in information-processing capacity and accumulation of knowledge and expertise in specific fields.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory has been critiqued for not adequately considering cognitive advances like information-processing capacity and knowledge accumulation in specific fields.

Question 5

Olivia, a 15-year-old girl, likes to spend time with her friends and likes to go to parties. However, her parents are strictly against such teenage adventures. She tries to convince her parents with her reasoning abilities and tries to build her case. Which of the following aspects of adolescent thinking does Olivia exhibit in this scenario?
A) argumentativeness
B) the imaginary audience
C) self-consciousness
D) prosocial behavior

Accepted Answer

Olivia exhibits argumentativeness by trying to convince her parents with reasoning and building her case for wanting to spend time with friends and go to parties. This reflects the adolescent tendency to engage in debates and present arguments, a common aspect of their cognitive development.

Question 6

Adolescents can keep many alternatives in mind at the same time yet may lack effective strategies for choosing among them. In the context of adolescent thinking, this is attributed to
A) idealism.
B) self-consciousness.
C) indecisiveness.
D) apparent hypocrisy.

Accepted Answer

This is attributed to indecisiveness. Adolescents' ability to consider multiple alternatives simultaneously is a sign of their developing cognitive abilities. However, their lack of experience and fully developed executive functions can lead to difficulties in making decisions, hence the indecisiveness.

Question 7

Young adolescents often do not recognize the difference between expressing an ideal and making the sacrifices necessary to live up to it. In the context of adolescent thinking, this often results in
A) invulnerability.
B) self-consciousness.
C) indecisiveness.
D) apparent hypocrisy.

Accepted Answer

This occurs because while adolescents may express high ideals, they might not always act in ways that align with these ideals due to a lack of understanding of the sacrifices involved, leading to behavior that can seem hypocritical.

Question 8

Adolescents often assume everyone else is thinking about the same thing they are thinking about: themselves. Elkind refers to this as
A) specialness.
B) apparent hypocrisy.
C) invulnerability.
D) the imaginary audience.

Accepted Answer

Elkind's concept of the "imaginary audience" refers to adolescents' belief that they are the center of everyone else's attention, as if they are on stage and being watched by an audience. This leads them to think that others are constantly thinking about them, much like they are preoccupied with themselves.

Question 9

Lucas, a 15-year-old boy, takes out his father's sports car without his father's knowledge and drives it recklessly. Lucas believes that he would not get into accidents like other kids as he is invincible. Which of the following aspects of adolescent thinking does Lucas exhibit in this scenario?
A) the personal fable
B) apparent hypocrisy
C) the imaginary audience
D) idealism

Accepted Answer

Lucas exhibits the personal fable, a form of adolescent egocentrism where he believes he is unique and invincible, leading to risky behaviors under the assumption that he is exempt from the dangers that affect others.

Question 10

Emma, a 16-year-old girl, loves bungee jumping from tall structures and cliffs. She is confident that she can do bungee jumping from any height without getting hurt. Which of the following aspects of adolescent thinking does Emma exhibit in this scenario?
A) self-consciousness
B) the personal fable
C) the imaginary audience
D) idealism and criticalness

Accepted Answer

Emma's belief that she can bungee jump from any height without getting hurt is an example of the personal fable, a form of adolescent egocentrism where they believe themselves to be unique and invulnerable.

Question 11

According to Elkind, notions of the imaginary audience and the personal fable are
A) linked with the emergence of the ability to take an outsider's perspective.
B) formally taught because they are necessary to get ahead in life.
C) unrelated to specific social experiences.
D) characteristics of immature thinking that continue into adulthood.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Elkind, notions of the imaginary...

Question 12

Changes in the way adolescents process information reflect the maturation of the brain's ________ and may help explain the cognitive advances Piaget described.
A) parietal lobe
B) corpus callosum
C) frontal lobe
D) hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobe is crucial for advanced cognitive functions, including planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior, which mature during adolescence, reflecting the cognitive advances Piaget described.

Question 13

Which of the following is a structural change in information processing that takes place during adolescence?
A) an increase in the brain's processing speed
B) a decrease in the capacity of working memory
C) further development of executive functions and self-regulation skills
D) an increase in the amount of knowledge stored in long-term memory

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a structural...

Question 14

________ consists of all the factual knowledge a person has acquired.
A) Conceptual knowledge
B) Declarative knowledge
C) Procedural knowledge
D) Structural knowledge

Accepted Answer

Declarative knowledge refers to the factual knowledge that a person has acquired.

Question 15

________ consists of all the skills a person has acquired.
A) Conceptual knowledge
B) Declarative knowledge
C) Procedural knowledge
D) Structural knowledge

Accepted Answer

Procedural knowledge refers to the know-how or skills a person has acquired, enabling them to perform various tasks. This contrasts with declarative knowledge, which is about facts and information.

Question 16

________ refers to acquired interpretive understandings stored in long-term memory.
A) Conceptual knowledge
B) Declarative knowledge
C) Procedural knowledge
D) Structural knowledge

Accepted Answer

Conceptual knowledge refers to the understanding of concepts, their meanings, and the relationships among them, which are stored in long-term memory. This type of knowledge involves interpretive understandings that go beyond mere facts or procedures.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of conceptual knowledge?
A) being able to recall all U.S. states
B) knowing how to use an iPad
C) knowing how to book flight tickets online
D) knowing the impact of government regulations on business and trade

Accepted Answer

Conceptual knowledge involves understanding ideas, principles, and concepts that are fundamental to a domain. Knowing the impact of government regulations on business and trade is an example of conceptual knowledge because it requires understanding complex relationships and principles within the fields of economics and political science.

Question 18

Humans remember the things they learned and what happened to them in their teenage years more clearly than during any other point in the life span-a memory quirk known as
A) recency bias.
B) the reminiscence bump.
C) déjà vu.
D) the availability heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The reminiscence bump refers to the tendency of older adults to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood. This phenomenon suggests that memories from these formative years are more vivid and lasting.

Question 19

Thomas has started working at Kmart on a part-time basis. His manager often commends him on his ability to understand customers' needs and help them make the right buying decision. This is a result of Thomas's
A) exhaustive vocabulary.
B) social perspective-taking.
C) prosocial moral reasoning.
D) use of puns, irony, and metaphors.

Accepted Answer

Thomas's ability to understand customers' needs and help them make the right buying decisions is a result of his social perspective-taking, which involves understanding others' thoughts, feelings, and motivations.

Question 20

Keith, a teenage boy, has a 3-year-old sister. When talking to her, he usually uses short sentences, speaks slowly, and often repeats the important words. He talks to his teachers in a polite and respectful way. In the context of language development in adolescents, the way Keith adapts his speech best illustrates his skills in
A) telegraphic speech.
B) social perspective-taking.
C) cross-modal transfer.
D) code-mixing.

Accepted Answer

Keith's adaptation of his speech based on his audience (his young sister versus his teachers) demonstrates his skills in social perspective-taking. This skill involves understanding and considering the perspectives of others, which is crucial in effectively adapting communication styles to fit different social contexts.

Quiz 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

According to Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, which of the following is true of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

Which of the following is a problem with Piaget's conception of formal operations?

Which of the following statements is true about the evaluation of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory?

Adolescents can keep many alternatives in mind at the same time yet may lack effective strategies for choosing among them. In the context of adolescent thinking, this is attributed to

Young adolescents often do not recognize the difference between expressing an ideal and making the sacrifices necessary to live up to it. In the context of adolescent thinking, this often results in

Adolescents often assume everyone else is thinking about the same thing they are thinking about: themselves. Elkind refers to this as

Lucas, a 15-year-old boy, takes out his father's sports car without his father's knowledge and drives it recklessly. Lucas believes that he would not get into accidents like other kids as he is invincible. Which of the following aspects of adolescent thinking does Lucas exhibit in this scenario?

Emma, a 16-year-old girl, loves bungee jumping from tall structures and cliffs. She is confident that she can do bungee jumping from any height without getting hurt. Which of the following aspects of adolescent thinking does Emma exhibit in this scenario?

According to Elkind, notions of the imaginary audience and the personal fable are

Changes in the way adolescents process information reflect the maturation of the brain's ________ and may help explain the cognitive advances Piaget described.

Which of the following is a structural change in information processing that takes place during adolescence?

________ consists of all the factual knowledge a person has acquired.

________ consists of all the skills a person has acquired.

________ refers to acquired interpretive understandings stored in long-term memory.

Which of the following is an example of conceptual knowledge?

Humans remember the things they learned and what happened to them in their teenage years more clearly than during any other point in the life span-a memory quirk known as

Thomas has started working at Kmart on a part-time basis. His manager often commends him on his ability to understand customers' needs and help them make the right buying decision. This is a result of Thomas's