Question 1

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination in the United States?
A) Separate but equal school desegregation.
B) Hospital evacuation decisions during Hurricane Katrina.
C) Voter identification laws that adversely affect certain social groups, such as the poor.
D) All of the above are examples of institutional discrimination.

Accepted Answer

A) Separate but equal school desegregation was a policy that was implemented during the 20th century in the United States. The policy allowed for racially segregated public schools to exist as long as they were "separate but equal" in their resources and quality of education. However, in practice, the schools that served Black and other minority students were vastly inferior to those that served white students. This policy was institutional discrimination because it was a government-sanctioned practice that discriminated against a particular group of people based on their race.

B) During Hurricane Katrina, there were reports of hospital evacuation decisions that resulted in the abandonment of patients who were primarily poor and Black. This was institutional discrimination because certain groups of people were disproportionately affected by the decision-making process.

C) Voter identification laws have been implemented in several states across the United States. Many of these laws have been shown to adversely affect certain social groups, especially the poor and people of color, who are less likely to have the required identification. This is institutional discrimination because it is a policy that has been put in place by the government that disproportionately affects certain groups of people based on their social status.

Therefore, all of the above examples are instances of institutional discrimination.

Question 2

Which of the following institutional failures resulted in race-based health disparities in Covid-19 infection rates?
A) Racial and ethnic minorities were more likely to live in areas with few health care facilities.
B) Black and Latinx people were more likely to refuse vaccinations than were White and Asian people.
C) Older Asian Americans were less likely to seek emergency care than were older Black people or older White people.
D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

Racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to live in areas with few health care facilities, resulting in limited access to important health care resources. This can impact their ability to receive timely and appropriate care for Covid-19, resulting in higher infection rates. Refusal of vaccination and seeking emergency care may also contribute to health disparities, but are not the primary institutional failures leading to race-based disparities in infection rates.

Question 3

The powerful group in a society establishes and maintains its dominance by reward- ing those values that correspond to its views and punishing those values that do not. This is the definition of
A) individual discrimination.
B) institutional discrimination.
C) cultural discrimination.
D) White privilege.

Accepted Answer

Cultural discrimination refers to the process by which the dominant group in a society rewards values that align with its own and punishes those that do not, thereby maintaining its dominance. This involves a broader societal level of bias and exclusion based on cultural differences, rather than individual acts of discrimination or systemic issues embedded within institutions.

Question 4

According to your text, cultural discrimination
A) results in the marginalization of minority group members' cultural heritage.
B) occurs when a person is discriminated against because of their country of origin.
C) can be easily recognized by both dominant and minority groups.
D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Cultural discrimination often results in the marginalization of minority group members' cultural heritage, as their values, beliefs, and practices are deemed inferior or not as important as those of the dominant group. While discrimination based on country of origin can occur, it is not the only form of cultural discrimination. Additionally, cultural discrimination can be difficult to recognize or acknowledge for both dominant and minority groups.

Question 5

Most love songs in popular culture are about heterosexual love. This is an example of
A) institutional discrimination.
B) interpersonal discrimination.
C) cultural discrimination.
D) organizational discrimination.

Accepted Answer

The fact that most popular love songs are about heterosexual love is an example of cultural discrimination, meaning that a dominant cultural group (in this case, heterosexual individuals) is favored in society and their experiences are perceived as more normative or valued.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of cultural discrimination?
A) Laws that require businesses to provide gender-neutral restroom facilities.
B) A taxi driver refusing to pick up a woman wearing traditional Muslim garments.
C) The decision to ban steroid users from competing in the Tour de France.
D) The relatively small number of Latinx characters on U.S. television sitcoms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Question 7

Cultural discrimination and institutional discrimination are similar in that they
A) only influence the attitudes and behavior of White people.
B) are relatively rare, compared to organizational discrimination.
C) are difficult to recognize.
D) have only positive effects on members of majority groups.

Accepted Answer

Both cultural discrimination and institutional discrimination are subtle forms of discrimination that are often difficult to recognize. Cultural discrimination involves practices, beliefs, and attitudes that may be deeply embedded in societal norms, making it difficult to identify and challenge. Institutional discrimination refers to policies and practices within organizations and institutions that may unintentionally disadvantage certain groups, but can also be difficult to recognize due to their subtle nature.

Question 8

In the United States, people exhibit a bias in favor of women who represent a European standard of beauty. This is an example of-------------------discrimination.
A) institutional
B) interpersonal
C) organizational
D) cultural

Accepted Answer

This bias toward a European standard of beauty reflects a cultural bias or cultural discrimination. It is a societal preference that has been perpetuated over time through media representations, social norms, and influences from historical beauty standards. It is not institutional, as it is not necessarily codified in laws or policies, nor is it organizational, as it is not a bias specific to particular companies or institutions. It is interpersonal in the sense that it affects how individuals perceive and interact with each other, but the root cause is cultural.

Question 9

Which of the following was experienced by the Japanese Americans who were placed in internment camps during World War II?
A) They experienced short-term mental health problems that lifted once they were released.
B) They developed a stronger sense of ethnic group identity than those who were not placed in camps.
C) Their children tended to downplay their ethnic and cultural identity.
D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

The children of Japanese Americans who were interned often downplayed their ethnic and cultural identity due to the stigma and discrimination they faced during and after the internment period.

Question 10

According to your text, the children of Japanese Americans who were placed in internment camps during World War II
A) are more patriotic than Japanese children whose parents were not interned.
B) felt pressure to engage in activities that reflected their Japanese heritage.
C) lost connection with their Japanese language and culture.
D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

The text states that the internment experience caused many children to lose connection with their Japanese language and culture. While there is no mention of increased patriotism or pressure to engage in Japanese heritage activities, these are not factors directly related to the internment experience.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true?
A) Individuals who can identify a group stereotype are usually prejudiced against that group.
B) Stereotypic beliefs can be activated without a person's awareness.
C) Stereotypes almost always influence our behavior toward members of the stereo- typed group.
D) Consciously held stereotypic beliefs are more harmful than unconsciously held stereotypic beliefs.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that stereotypes can be activated without a person's awareness. This means that individuals can hold stereotypic beliefs without even realizing it or intending to do so. Therefore, it is possible to hold stereotypic beliefs without being consciously prejudiced, and without those beliefs necessarily influencing behavior toward members of the stereotyped group.

Question 12

Some reactions toward groups or individuals are outside conscious awareness. These are called
A) inaccessible prejudices.
B) explicit prejudices.
C) controlled prejudices.
D) implicit prejudices.

Accepted Answer

Implicit prejudices refer to unconscious or automatic biases that individuals may have towards certain groups or individuals. These biases are usually outside of conscious awareness and can influence behavior and decision-making without the individual realizing it. Inaccessible prejudices may also refer to biases outside of conscious awareness, but the term "implicit prejudices" is more commonly used in research literature. Explicit prejudices, on the other hand, refer to biases that are consciously held and can be openly expressed. Controlled prejudices refer to biases that individuals are aware of and can consciously control or suppress.

Question 13

People's implicit prejudices
A) cannot ever be controlled because they operate outside of their awareness.
B) can be controlled by people who are strongly motivated to do so.
C) are more negative than people's explicit prejudices.
D) are less likely to be based on societal belief systems than are explicit prejudices.

Accepted Answer

While implicit prejudices may operate outside of our awareness, research has shown that they can be controlled, particularly by people who are motivated to do so. Various techniques such as stereotype replacement and counter-stereotype imaging have been found to reduce implicit biases. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that implicit prejudices cannot ever be controlled. Additionally, it is not necessarily true that implicit prejudices are more negative than explicit prejudices, nor are they less likely to be based on societal belief systems.

Question 14

Prejudices that people are aware of and can easily describe are called
A) unconscious prejudices.
B) explicit prejudices.
C) acknowledged prejudices.
D) implicit prejudices.

Accepted Answer

Explicit prejudices are conscious biases that individuals understand and can easily describe.

Question 15

When Nadia is asked about the characteristics she associates with athletes, she is easily able to list them. Nadia's response is best described as an
A) explicit prejudice.
B) unconscious prejudice.
C) acknowledged prejudice.
D) implicit prejudice.

Accepted Answer

Nadia's ability to easily list characteristics associated with athletes suggests she is consciously aware of these associations, indicating an explicit prejudice.

Question 16

Every person is a member of multiple basic social categories. This concept is known as
A) intersectionality.
B) group privilege.
C) explicit group membership.
D) membership inclusivity.

Accepted Answer

The concept of every person being a member of multiple basic social categories is known as intersectionality. This idea acknowledges that people have multiple identities, such as race, gender, sexuality, ability, and class, that intersect and interact to shape their experiences and opportunities in society.

Question 17

Sebastian is an African American male who identifies as bisexual. According to research on intersectionality, Sebastian is likely to
A) be marginalized by other Black men who identify as bisexual.
B) describe himself as very masculine.
C) be seen as an atypical member of his ethnic group.
D) be described by his friends as a prototypical bisexual person.

Accepted Answer

Intersectionality theory suggests that individuals' intersecting identities and social categories, such as race and sexual orientation, can result in unique experiences of marginalization or privilege. Therefore, Sebastian's identity as a bisexual African American man makes him an atypical member of his ethnic group, whose experiences may differ from those of other Black men or bisexual individuals. It is not necessarily true that he will be marginalized by other Black men or be described as prototypical or very masculine by his friends, as these experiences can vary based on individual attitudes and societal context.

Question 18

Stereotypes of the general social category "male" include assertive, successful, and educated. People from which intersectional category are most likely to be described by these characteristics?
A) Asian male
B) Latinx male
C) African American male
D) White male

Accepted Answer

In Western societies, white men have historically held a position of privilege and power, which has led to the perpetuation of stereotypes that associate them with success and education. This stereotype is further perpetuated through media and popular culture. While Asian men are often stereotyped as successful in fields such as science and engineering, Latinx and African American men are more likely to be stereotyped as aggressive or uneducated.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the stereotypes associated with ethnic groups is true?
A) Black women and Black men are seen as having several overlapping characteristics.
B) There is more overlap in the stereotypes associated with men of different ethnic groups than of women of different ethnic groups.
C) The stereotypes associated with White women are more positive than those asso- ciated with White men.
D) The stereotype of Asian men is most similar to the stereotype of White women.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that there tends to be more overlap in the stereotypes associated with men of different ethnic groups compared to women, who are often stereotyped in more distinct ways based on their ethnicity.

Question 20

According to research on intersectionalities,
A) Asian women are often treated as exotic sexualized objects.
B) gay men's interest in feminine topics, such as fashion, is often ignored.
C) gay men are seen as desirable dating partners because they are stereotyped as being "nice."
D) people rarely comment on Black women's physical appearance.

Accepted Answer

Research on intersectionalities has shown that Asian women are often seen as exotic and sexually objectified due to stereotypes of them being submissive and obedient. This can lead to increased harassment and fetishization.

Quiz 1: Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination in the United States?

Which of the following institutional failures resulted in race-based health disparities in Covid-19 infection rates?

The powerful group in a society establishes and maintains its dominance by reward- ing those values that correspond to its views and punishing those values that do not. This is the definition of

According to your text, cultural discrimination

Most love songs in popular culture are about heterosexual love. This is an example of

Which of the following is an example of cultural discrimination?

Cultural discrimination and institutional discrimination are similar in that they

In the United States, people exhibit a bias in favor of women who represent a European standard of beauty. This is an example of-------------------discrimination.

Which of the following was experienced by the Japanese Americans who were placed in internment camps during World War II?

According to your text, the children of Japanese Americans who were placed in internment camps during World War II

Which of the following statements is true?

Some reactions toward groups or individuals are outside conscious awareness. These are called

People's implicit prejudices

Prejudices that people are aware of and can easily describe are called

When Nadia is asked about the characteristics she associates with athletes, she is easily able to list them. Nadia's response is best described as an

Every person is a member of multiple basic social categories. This concept is known as

Sebastian is an African American male who identifies as bisexual. According to research on intersectionality, Sebastian is likely to

Stereotypes of the general social category "male" include assertive, successful, and educated. People from which intersectional category are most likely to be described by these characteristics?

Which of the following statements about the stereotypes associated with ethnic groups is true?

According to research on intersectionalities,