Question 1

According to research on social referencing, which of the following responses from Tanner's mom is the most likely to encourage him to get up and try again after he falls down while learning to walk?

Accepted Answer

Laughter combined with saying "oopsie-daisy" is likely to encourage Tanner to get up and try again because it provides a positive, light-hearted response. This approach can help reduce any fear or distress he might feel from falling, showing him that it's okay to make mistakes and encouraging resilience and perseverance.

Question 2

In the early months, infants

Accepted Answer

In the early months, infants have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress. They are not yet able to self-soothe or effectively distract and reorient their attention. They rely heavily on their caregivers to provide comfort and support. It is important for caregivers to be responsive to an infant's needs during this time so that they can start to learn how to regulate their emotions more effectively.

Question 3

Self-conscious emotions

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, require self-awareness and are influenced by cultural and social norms, often needing adult guidance to understand when these emotions are appropriate.

Question 4

Results from the groundbreaking longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess showed that

Accepted Answer

The study showed that temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing psychological problems.

Question 5

Self-conscious emotions appear __________ of the __________ year.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt typically appear around the middle of the second year of life, after children have developed a sense of self and social awareness.

Question 6

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, an easy child is one who establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. This describes Bindi's behavior.

Question 7

Effortful control

Accepted Answer

Effortful control is considered a major dimension of temperament, involving a child's ability to regulate their behavior, attention, and emotions. It is believed to have a biological basis and can vary across individuals. While adult instruction and modeling may support the development of effortful control, it is not the sole source of its development. Effortful control is believed to play an important role in mental and social development, as it helps children manage their behavior and interact effectively with others. While there may be some innate individual differences in effortful control, it is also influenced by environmental factors and experiences.

Question 8

In Rothbart's model of temperament,

Accepted Answer

Rothbart's model of temperament distinguishes between different types of reactivity, such as fearful distress and irritable distress, to capture the nuanced ways in which individuals respond to fear versus frustration.

Question 9

Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil's descriptions refer to

Accepted Answer

Gil's descriptions refer to his children's temperament, which is a broad term used to describe individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation. Tempered traits like being calm and cautious or cheerful and energetic are examples of different temperaments.

Question 10

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

Accepted Answer

Guilt, shame, and pride are all self-conscious emotions that involve reflecting on one's own behavior or internal state. Shame and pride are often linked to a sense of achievement or failure in comparison to one's own standards, while guilt is usually linked to violating moral or societal norms.

Question 11

Self-conscious emotions

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions are those that involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self, such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride. They develop during early childhood as we become aware of our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in relation to social norms and values, and they are shaped by cultural and social factors as well as individual experiences. While some self-conscious emotions may have a biological or evolutionary basis, they are not present at birth and are not considered universal or basic emotions like happiness, fear, anger, and sadness.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults are more likely to discourage the expression of strong emotion in babies, reflecting cultural differences in norms and values regarding emotional expression.

Question 13

Beginning in early childhood, capacitity for effortful control predicts

Accepted Answer

According to research, capacity for effortful control predicts favorable development and adjustment in various cultures, including China and the United States. It is associated with better self-regulation, social competence, and academic achievement, among other positive outcomes. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect.

Question 14

According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child

Accepted Answer

The difficult child, according to Thomas and Chess, is characterized by being irregular in daily routines, among other traits such as withdrawing from new situations and adapting slowly to changes.

Question 15

According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in

Accepted Answer

Rothbart's model of temperament includes three dimensions: negative affectivity, extraversion/surgency, and effortful control. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as Rothbart argues that individuals differ not only in their reactivity to stimuli but also in their ability to regulate their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Question 16

Cross-cultural research indicates that

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has shown that the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions can vary from culture to culture. For example, in some cultures, parents may encourage their children to express shame to show respect for authority, while in other cultures, parents may discourage expressing shame because it could harm the child's self-esteem.

Answer: B 
 In collectivist cultures, the emphasis is on group goals rather than individual achievement, so children are typically taught to feel pride over achievement that benefits the group, such as helping others or working hard for the family.

Answer: C 
 Expressions of basic emotions, such as happiness and anger, can vary widely from culture to culture, but expressions of self-conscious emotions such as shame, guilt, pride, and embarrassment are generally recognized and expressed similarly across cultures.

Answer: D 
 In individualistic cultures, the emphasis is on individual achievement and standing out from others, so children are typically taught to feel pride over personal achievement. Embarrassment may be felt if personal achievement is seen as showing off or drawing too much attention to oneself.

Question 17

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Alice would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

Accepted Answer

The description of Alice's behavior matches the characteristics of a slow-to-warm-up child in Thomas and Chess's model of temperament. Slow-to-warm-up children are typically inactive, have low-key reactions to stimuli, and take time to adjust to new experiences.

Question 18

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing

Accepted Answer

Rainer's behavior of lowering his eyes, hanging his head, and hiding his face with his hands indicates that he is experiencing shame. Shame is an emotional response to a behavior that is perceived to be wrong or inappropriate. In this case, Rainer may feel ashamed for taking the toy away from his cousin.

Question 19

Emotional self-regulation requires

Accepted Answer

Emotional self-regulation requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions. Emotional contagion is the tendency to catch and feel the emotions of others. Goodness of fit refers to the match between a child's temperament and the demands of their environment. Automatic processing of information involves the unconscious and effortless processing of information. While automatic processing can influence emotions, it is not a requirement for emotional self-regulation.

Question 20

Evan covers his eyes when the Wicked Witch of the West appears on the screen while he is watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan is using

Accepted Answer

Evan is exhibiting emotional self-regulation by covering his eyes when he becomes scared of the Wicked Witch of the West. He is using a coping mechanism to manage his emotions and avoid becoming too overwhelmed by fear. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe Evan's behavior in this situation.

Quiz 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

According to research on social referencing, which of the following responses from Tanner's mom is the most likely to encourage him to get up and try again after he falls down while learning to walk?

In the early months, infants

Self-conscious emotions

Results from the groundbreaking longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess showed that

Self-conscious emotions appear of the year.

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

Effortful control

In Rothbart's model of temperament,

Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil's descriptions refer to

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

Self-conscious emotions

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation?

Beginning in early childhood, capacitity for effortful control predicts

According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child

According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in

Cross-cultural research indicates that

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Alice would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing

Emotional self-regulation requires

Evan covers his eyes when the Wicked Witch of the West appears on the screen while he is watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan is using