Question 1

__________ is related to positive sibling interaction.

Accepted Answer

Maternal warmth toward both children is positively related to positive sibling interaction, as it fosters a supportive and positive family environment. High emotional intensity in one sibling or lack of maternal involvement may lead to negative sibling interactions, while the correlation between high physical activity in one sibling and positive sibling interaction is not clear.

Question 2

The heritability of attachment is

Accepted Answer

The heritability of attachment is considered to be virtually nil, indicating that attachment styles are primarily influenced by environmental factors, such as the interactions and relationships with caregivers, rather than genetic factors.

Question 3

Cross-cultural research demonstrates that

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has consistently found a positive association between warmth expressed by fathers and children's favorable development outcomes, such as better academic performance, emotional regulation, and social skills. This is true regardless of cultural context or socioeconomic status.

Answer: B
 Research indicates that fathers who spend more time engaging in physical caregiving, such as feeding, bathing, and changing diapers, tend to display higher levels of parental warmth. This suggests that physical caregiving provides fathers with opportunities to bond with their children and express affection.

Answer: C
 Research suggests that strong and supportive relationships between parents are associated with better outcomes for children. Both mothers' and fathers' relationships with their partners and with their children are interrelated; positive and negative experiences in one domain can impact the other.

Answer: D
 While father's warmth is crucial in promoting children's positive development outcomes, research shows that it cannot necessarily protect against all emotional and behavioral problems. Multiple factors, both within and outside the family, may impact children's functioning.

Question 4

Newborn Uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adult's finger touching her cheek than to her own hand touching her cheek. This finding demonstrates that Uli has the beginnings of

Accepted Answer

The rooting reflex is an automatic response in newborns that causes them to turn their head and open their mouth in the direction of a touch on their cheek, in preparation for feeding. This response is not a conscious decision, but rather a reflexive action. However, the fact that Uli shows a stronger response to an external touch (the adult's finger) than to her own touch suggests that she is beginning to distinguish between her own body and external objects. This is the beginning of self-awareness, which is the ability to recognize oneself as separate from the environment. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 5

Peer sociability is

Accepted Answer

Peer sociability is promoted by the early caregiver-child bond. Children who develop a secure attachment to their caregivers are more likely to have positive social interactions with peers in the future.

Question 6

Parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them.

Accepted Answer

Parents who discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance are more likely to have a coherent and consistent narrative about their experiences, which fosters a sense of security and predictability in their interactions with their infants. This, in turn, is associated with a higher likelihood of developing a secure attachment.

Question 7

Fathers

Accepted Answer

The answer of Fathers
...

Question 8

Which of the following statements about attachment and later development is true?

Accepted Answer

Research shows that a child's attachment style is not set in stone and can improve with better caregiving. A child who experiences a secure attachment in infancy is more likely to develop positive relationships and emotional well-being, but caregiving still plays a role in the child's overall development. While the majority of U.S. children do develop a secure attachment by the end of early childhood, the exact percentage varies depending on the study. An insecure attachment in infancy does increase the risk for behavior problems, but it does not always lead to severe problems and can still be mitigated by later experiences.

Question 9

Many grandparent caregivers report feeling

Accepted Answer

Many grandparent caregivers report feeling emotionally drained and depressed due to the physical and emotional demands of caregiving. The responsibilities of raising a child can be challenging and exhausting, especially for older individuals who may have health issues or limited resources.

Question 10

Research reveals that at-risk infants

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that parents with adequate time and patience to care for at-risk infants can provide them with the necessary attention and sensitivity to develop secure attachment relationships. In these cases, the attachment security of at-risk infants is comparable to that of infants who are not at risk.

Question 11

Which of the following children is most likely to be receiving abusive or neglectful care?

Accepted Answer

Children with disorganized/disoriented attachment are more likely to experience abusive or neglectful care due to the unpredictability and fear associated with their caregiver's behavior. Secure attachment (option B) is associated with positive caregiving, while avoidant attachment (option C) may result from neglectful or unresponsive caregiving. Resistant attachment (option D) can be a sign of inconsistent caregiving but does not necessarily indicate abuse or neglect.

Question 12

Research on the Aka hunters and gatherers of Central Africa reveals that a strong father-infant relationship is

Accepted Answer

The article states that the strong father-infant relationship among the Aka hunters and gatherers is due in great part to an unusually cooperative and intimate marital relationship. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer.

Question 13

When interacting with their babies, mothers devote more time to __________ and fathers devote more time to __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that mothers tend to spend more time on physical care tasks such as feeding and diaper changes, while fathers tend to engage in more playful interaction with their babies.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is supported by research on fathers?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is supported...

Question 15

Mounting evidence indicates that __________ determines whether attachment security is linked to later development.

Accepted Answer

Continuity of caregiving refers to the consistency and responsiveness of a child's primary caregiver. Research has shown that children who experience stable and sensitive caregiving are more likely to develop secure attachments, while those who experience inconsistent and unresponsive caregiving are more likely to develop insecure attachments. This, in turn, affects their later development. Child temperament and heredity may play a role in shaping attachment, but they are not the strongest determinants. Family size, while important in shaping a child's environment, is not directly related to attachment security.

Question 16

Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that mother-child interaction tends to be more favorable when children spend fewer hours in child care, as extensive time in child care can sometimes lead to less optimal interactions.

Question 17

Nearly 2.4 million U.S. children live with their grandparents but apart from parents, in so-called

Accepted Answer

The term "skipped-generation families" specifically refers to the situation where grandparents are the primary caregivers for their grandchildren, without the parents being present in the household. The other options are not as specific or accurate in describing this type of family arrangement.

Question 18

Job loss, a failing marriage, financial difficulties, or parental psychological problems

Accepted Answer

These life stressors can indirectly affect attachment by interfering with the parent's ability to be sensitive and responsive to their child's needs. This can lead to inconsistent or unavailable caregiving, which can undermine attachment security. While these stressors may not directly cause disoriented/disorganized attachment in infancy, they can contribute to it by disrupting the parent-child relationship.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care is true?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the relationship between child care and emotional well-being is complex and depends on a variety of factors, including the quality of the child care, the age of the child, and the child's temperament, as well as the family's overall quality of care. While some studies have suggested that nonparental care in the first year of life may negatively impact attachment security, there is not a clear consensus on this issue. Additionally, while daily separations from employed parents may present challenges for some children, it does not necessarily result in developmental problems for all children. Thus, choice C is the most accurate statement about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about grandparents who are primary caregivers is true?

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have shown that warm grandparent-grandchild bonds help protect children from worsening adjustment problems, even under conditions of great hardship. Option B is incorrect as according to a 2019 report by the Census Bureau, 2.7 million grandchildren in the United States live with grandparents who are responsible for their basic needs. Option C is incorrect as studies have shown that African American and Hispanic grandparents are more likely to serve as primary caregivers than Caucasian grandparents. Option D is incorrect as studies have found that grandparent caregivers often forge significant attachment relationships with their grandchildren.

Quiz 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood