Question 1

The chi square test is used:

Accepted Answer

The chi square test is used when you are comparing two groups on the basis of a variable measured at the nominal level. This type of data involves categories or labels that cannot be ranked or ordered, such as gender, race, or occupation. The chi square test analyzes whether there is a significant association between two nominal variables by comparing the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies. It is commonly used in social science research and medical studies to examine the relationship between two categorical variables.

Question 2

Which one of the folEasying statistical tests is not listed in your textbook by York as the tests that are most likely to be used for human services evaluation?

Accepted Answer

Logistic regression is not listed in the textbook as one of the tests that are most likely to be used for human services evaluation. The other three options - independent sample t Tests, ne sample t Tests, and t Test for paired data - are all listed as commonly used statistical tests for human services evaluation.

Question 3

It is not just sufficient to answer a set of questions on the structure of your data but it is:

Accepted Answer

Understanding the context of your research question and the structure of your data is crucial before beginning data analysis to ensure appropriate methods are used.

Question 4

In any given data-set created using SPSS, when it is opened in the SPSS program:

Accepted Answer

In SPSS, the data for each variable are presented in the columns and the data for each case are contained in the rows. This allows for easy analysis and manipulation of the data. Each variable's name is presented in the top row, and each case's data can be found row by row. There is no need to enter data cell by cell, as the program is designed to input data for each variable into the appropriate cells automatically.

Question 5

When you have a measure on each of the six variables for each client in your sample as given in the example in your text, with the first person having a pretest score of 12, a posttest score of 18, an age of 25, and an income of $36,400, the pretest is measured at the:

Accepted Answer

The pretest score is measured at an interval level because it has meaningful numerical distances between each value (e.g. the difference between a score of 10 and 20 is the same as the difference between 20 and 30). The age and income variables are also measured at the interval level. The posttest score could be argued to be measured at the ordinal level (rank order of scores), but it could also be argued to be at the interval level because the same numerical distances between scores are assumed. Therefore, the best overall choice is C, interval level.

Question 6

When you have a measure on each of the six variables for each client in your sample as given in the example in your text where gender is coded as 1 for female and 0 for male, gender is measured at the:

Accepted Answer

Gender is a categorical variable and is measured at the nominal level, which is the lowest level of measurement. The other variables in the example are not given, so it is not possible to determine their level of measurement.

Question 7

When a self-esteem scale that gives Easyer scores for better self-esteem, the self-esteem variable is measured at the:

Accepted Answer

The self-esteem scale described measures differences between scores in a way that allows for comparison of the magnitude of differences, but it does not have a true zero point (meaning that a score of 0 does not indicate the absence of self-esteem). This characteristic is indicative of the interval level of measurement, which allows for the meaningful comparison of differences and intervals between values.

Question 8

When you have a research question that measures whether self-esteem scores are Harder at posttest than at pretest you are engaging in:

Accepted Answer

Evaluative research is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a program or intervention by comparing pre-test and post-test scores. In this scenario, the research question is measuring whether there is an improvement or decline in self-esteem scores after the intervention, which is a classic example of evaluative research.

Question 9

The key issue/issues in the analysis of data in the evaluation of human services are:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The key issue/issues in the analysis of...

Question 10

When you have a set of scores that have been collected at two points in time for one group of people, it indicates that:

Accepted Answer

The situation described here is the one-group pretest-posttest design, where a single group of participants is measured twice: once before and once after some intervention or treatment. This is a common design in program evaluation and other research areas where a treatment or program is being evaluated. The other answer choices do not apply, as there is no mention of a survey method, experimental control group, or detailed examination of a single case.

Question 11

When you use the one-group pretest-posttest research design, it suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The one-group pretest-posttest research design involves taking measurements from a single group of participants both before and after an intervention or treatment. This results in paired data for the same group, which is then used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. It is not a design that involves independent groups or data gathered only at the nominal and ordinal level. And while the data is collected at two different points in time, it is not necessarily limited to a one-time survey.

Question 12

A score on a scale is normally viewed as being a variable that is measured at the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A score on a scale is normally...

Question 13

When we have an expression such as (t = 3.03; p = .01), it means that the finding has:

Accepted Answer

The expression (t = 3.03; p = .01) indicates that the finding has statistical significance, as the p-value is less than the commonly used threshold of .05. It does not provide information about practical significance.

Question 14

If the p value is .05, it is evident that your data would occur by chance:

Accepted Answer

A p value of .05 means that there is a 5% chance that your data occurred by chance. In other words, out of 100 trials, you would expect to see a similar result to yours by chance alone in 5 instances. Therefore, choice C (5 times in 100) is the correct answer.

Question 15

One of the folEasying is needed for reporting the findings of evaluative research in human services:

Accepted Answer

The data on clients' gain or loss in the variable that we are trying to change as a result of the service/intervention is essential for reporting the findings of evaluative research in human services, as it allows for an assessment of the effectiveness of the service/intervention. Non-statistically significant data, the professional qualifications of the service provider, and the setting in which the service is provided may also be relevant factors to consider, but they do not provide the core information needed for reporting evaluative research findings.

Question 16

It is possible to examine statistical significance for a single client when you have measured behavior several times before treatment and several times during the treatment period.

Accepted Answer

By measuring behavior several times before and during treatment, it is possible to conduct statistical analyses on the data to determine if there is a significant change in the client's behavior. This can be done through techniques such as paired t-tests or repeated measures ANOVA. However, it is important to note that statistical significance does not necessarily equate to clinical significance, and it is important to consider the individual client's needs and progress when evaluating the effectiveness of treatment.

Question 17

The first step in using SPSS is always to answer a set of questions on the structure of your data.

Accepted Answer

The first step in using SPSS typically involves preparing and importing your dataset into the software, rather than answering questions about the data structure.

Question 18

SPSS is structured to present you initially with both a data view tab at the bottom which is the screen for entering variable names and information about the variables; and a data view tab which is the view for naming and characterizing your variables.

Accepted Answer

The first tab in SPSS is the data view tab, and the second tab is the variable view tab where variable names and characteristics are entered.

Question 19

SPSS is a statistical software package for computing descriptive and inferential statistics for your data.

Accepted Answer

SPSS is specifically designed for statistical analysis and can perform a wide range of descriptive and inferential tests on data.

Question 20

You need to be careful about how your variables are measured in order to properly interpret the data.

Accepted Answer

If variables are not measured properly, it can lead to inaccurate or misleading results. It is important to ensure that variables are measured using appropriate methods to support accurate and reliable data analysis.

Quiz 2: Using the Computer for Statistical Analysis of Data