Question 1

While it is true that most evaluative studies are about groups of people, there are single-subject designs that measure:

Accepted Answer

Single-subject designs are typically used to measure the effect of interventions or treatments on a single individual over time. The outcome variable being measured is often behavior, but it can also include physiological measures or self-reported measures. Therefore, the correct choice is option D, which states that single-subject designs measure an outcome variable for a single person.

Question 2

When single subject designs are used:

Accepted Answer

When using single subject designs, it is important to choose a target behavior for measuring change irrespective of whether it is a reduction or increase in the behavior that is sought. This allows for an objective measurement of progress towards the desired outcome. Focusing solely on improvement or reduction may not accurately reflect the full picture of behavior change.

Question 3

When you employ a specific treatment modality for a period of six weekly sessions, using a single-subject design, you will measure:

Accepted Answer

In a single-subject design, the variable intended to be changed is measured repeatedly at different points in time to compare baseline and treatment effects.

Question 4

In the limited AB single design:

Accepted Answer

The one-sample t Test is used with interval level data to compare the one baseline score to the mean of the eight treatment scores. This is the case in the limited AB single design where there is only one baseline and eight treatment phases. Therefore, option A, C, and D are incorrect.

Question 5

The classic AB design:

Accepted Answer

The classic AB design measures the same client several times before treatment begins and during the treatment period on the same dependent variable. This design is often used in single-subject research to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. It allows for direct comparison of the client's behavior before and after the implementation of the treatment.

Question 6

When you measure a single client several times during the baseline period and several times during the first treatment period; and change the nature of your treatment and measure the client several times during this second treatment period, it is known as:

Accepted Answer

This is known as an ABC design because it involves three phases: a baseline phase (A), a first treatment phase (B), and a second, different treatment phase (C), with multiple measurements taken during each phase.

Question 7

In the ABAB design, there are:

Accepted Answer

The ABAB design includes two treatment phases and two baseline phases. The first baseline (A) is followed by the first treatment phase (B), then the second baseline (A), and finally the second treatment phase (B). This design allows for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment by comparing behavior during the baseline phases to behavior during the treatment phases.

Question 8

In the ABC single-subject design:

Accepted Answer

In the ABC single-subject design, a new treatment is added in addition to the first treatment or a new component is added to the first treatment in order to establish whether the first treatment was better than the baseline and whether the second treatment was better than the first treatment. This is called the "add-on" design, where a new treatment is added on to the existing treatment to see if it improves outcomes. The other choices are not accurate descriptions of the ABC design.

Question 9

When you are measuring one client repeatedly and you have a single baseline score and several treatment scores, in order to calculate the difference between the baseline and the treatment score you can employ:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When you are measuring one client repeatedly...

Question 10

When you use Excel to analyze data from a single subject design where you had only one baseline measurement:

Accepted Answer

With a single subject design with one baseline measurement, you will enter the one baseline score as the threshold score and each of the treatment scores as posttest scores. By doing this, you will be able to examine the values of t and p to determine if the treatment had a significant effect, as well as calculate the effect size.

Question 11

In the standard deviation approach to analyze data in single subject designs, the normal distribution is understood to have:

Accepted Answer

In the standard deviation approach to analyze data in single subject designs, the normal distribution is understood to have a chance zone that represents treatment scores not significantly different from baseline scores, and this consists of scores that are within two standard deviations of the mean. Therefore, scores outside two standard deviations of the mean are not inside the chance zone. Moreover, the data that can be easily explained by chance will fall inside the chance zone.

Question 12

In the upper two standard deviation approach, when you employ SPSS to compute the standard deviation of a set of scores, the way to determine whether your treatment mean is significantly better than the baseline mean is:

Accepted Answer

With the upper two standard deviation approach, you want to determine whether your treatment mean is significantly better than the baseline mean. To do this, you need to compute the baseline mean and the treatment mean. Then you double the standard deviation and add it or subtract it (as indicated by the nature of the change desired in the outcome variable) from your baseline mean to determine whether your treatment mean is significantly better than the baseline mean. This approach is based on the assumption that if the treatment mean is more than two standard deviations away from the baseline mean, the difference is statistically significant.

Question 13

When you present the findings from your analysis, using the standard deviation approach when you have several baseline scores and several treatment scores you will need to report:

Accepted Answer

When using the standard deviation approach with multiple baseline and treatment scores, it is important to report both the mean and standard deviation of the baseline scores, as well as the mean treatment score. This allows for a more comprehensive analysis of the data, as well as a better understanding of the amount of variation within each group.

Question 14

One of the two cautions about using the standard deviation approach with the AB design is that:

Accepted Answer

The caution with using the standard deviation approach with the AB design is that it should not be used if the baseline scores are progressing in a way that indicates that the client is improving at a steady pace even before the treatment is started. This is because the improvement seen during the treatment phase may not be solely due to the treatment but may be a continuation of the improvement seen during the baseline phase.

Question 15

When you employ the BC design, you engage in the same statistical analysis procedures as with the AB design, except that:

Accepted Answer

In the BC design, the first treatment phase is treated as the baseline phase and the second treatment phase is treated as the treatment phase. Therefore, D is the correct choice.

Question 16

When an evaluative researcher begins the study with the AB design and adds a second treatment while continuing to measure client's behavior during the second treatment period, the researcher is employing:

Accepted Answer

The ABC design involves starting with a baseline (A), introducing a first treatment (B), and then adding a second treatment (C) while continuing to measure the client's behavior, which matches the description given.

Question 17

When you have measured your client six times before treatment begins, six times while giving the first treatment, and six times while giving the second treatment, while analyzing data:

Accepted Answer

This approach involves comparing the initial treatment phase to the baseline phase to assess the effect of the first treatment, and then comparing the second treatment phase to the first treatment phase to evaluate the effect of the second treatment, aligning with the described method of data collection and analysis.

Question 18

When you use binomial test for the AB Design and when the data are measured as a dichotomy the two factors that are important in the calculation of statistical significance are:

Accepted Answer

In a binomial test for the AB Design with dichotomous data, the two factors that are important in the calculation of statistical significance are the rates of success (i.e. the proportion of successful outcomes) and the size of the sample. The baseline period is not specifically relevant to the calculation of significance in this case. Similarly, while a larger number of measurements can increase statistical power, it is not specifically related to the factors necessary for the binomial test. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 19

Reporting the findings for the binomial test for dichotomous data with the AB design requires:

Accepted Answer

When reporting the findings for the binomial test for dichotomous data with the AB design, it is important to include the number of favorable treatment recordings, the proportion of favorable treatment recordings, the proportion of favorable baseline recordings, and the value of p when the binomial test has been applied. This comprehensive approach provides a clear and complete understanding of the treatment's effectiveness.

Question 20

When the binomial test is employed to compare the treatment recordings to the proportion of baseline recordings, the statistical question is:

Accepted Answer

The binomial test is typically used to compare two proportions, in this case the treatment recordings and the baseline recordings. The question being asked is whether the treatment recordings are significantly better than the baseline recordings. Choice A is the correct answer as it directly addresses this question.

Quiz 7: Analyzing Data When You Are Evaluating a Single Client