Question 1

What is the name for recurrent, locally specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that are generally limited to specific societies or areas and indicate repetitive sets of symptoms?

Accepted Answer

The term "culture-bound syndromes" refers to specific patterns of abnormal behavior and experience that are only found in particular societies or regions. These syndromes are not recognized as a mental disorder in other cultures and may indicate repetitive sets of symptoms. Examples of culture-bound syndromes include koro in Southeast Asia and nervios in Latin America.

Question 2

Symptoms of psychological disorders that are observable in practically all cultures are called "______________."

Accepted Answer

Symptoms of psychological disorders that are observable in practically all cultures are referred to as central symptoms. These symptoms are considered universal and can be used to diagnose mental illnesses across different cultures.

Question 3

"____________" is the term used to describe a deterioration of cognitive functioning, including memory loss, aphasia, or disturbed executive functioning.

Accepted Answer

The term used to describe a deterioration of cognitive functioning, including memory loss, aphasia, or disturbed executive functioning is dementia. Depressive disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders are not specific terms used to describe cognitive decline.

Question 4

What is the name of the category of psychological disorders characterized by a profound and persistent feeling of sadness, despair, guilt, loss of interest in things that were once pleasurable, and disturbance in sleep and appetite?

Accepted Answer

Depressive disorders are characterized by the symptoms listed above, including a persistent feeling of sadness, loss of interest, and disturbance in sleep and appetite. Personality disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and dementia all have different sets of defining symptoms.

Question 5

Enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture are referred to as _______________.

Accepted Answer

Personality disorders are characterized by enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. Depressive disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and dementia are all types of mental disorders, but are not specifically characterized by enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience.

Question 6

What is the common name for the treatment of psychological disorders through psychological means, generally involving verbal interaction with a professional therapist?

Accepted Answer

Psychotherapy is the common name for the treatment of psychological disorders through psychological means, generally involving verbal interaction with a professional therapist. Healing, hypnosis, persuasion, and obedience are not specific to the treatment of psychological disorders and may not involve a professional therapist.

Question 7

__________ is a disorder characterized by the presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized or catatonic behavior.

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized or catatonic behavior. Depressive disorder, personality disorder, anxiety disorder, and dementia are all separate conditions with their own unique symptoms and diagnostic criteria.

Question 8

The "__________" is a view or perspective of psychological disorders, according to which human beings develop ideas, establish behavioral norms, and learn emotional responses consistent with a set of cultural prescriptions.

Accepted Answer

The description provided in the question refers to the relativist perspective, which emphasizes the ways in which cultural and social factors shape the expression and experience of psychological disorders. This perspective explains how cultural practices, beliefs, and values influence individuals' beliefs about themselves, their health, and their relationships with others, and how these beliefs can affect the development and manifestation of psychological symptoms.

Question 9

The "____________" is a view or perspective of psychological disorders, according to which people share a great number of similar features, attitudes, values, and behavioral responses despite cultural differences.

Accepted Answer

The universalist perspective posits that despite cultural differences, people with psychological disorders share common features, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This means that mental health professionals can use universal diagnostic criteria and treatments that are applicable across different cultures.

Question 10

The ____________ is a measure of tolerance or intolerance toward specific personality traits in a cultural environment.

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question relates to the idea of a "tolerance threshold" - that is, the point at which a cultural environment becomes intolerant toward certain personality traits. Therefore, option D - tolerance threshold - is the best choice. The other options do not accurately describe this specific concept.

Question 11

What is the label for recurrent, locally specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-5 diagnostic category? These patterns are generally limited to specific societies or areas and indicate repetitive and troubling sets of experiences and observations.

Accepted Answer

The term for this phenomenon is "cultural syndromes," which refers to locally specific patterns of aberrant behavior and experience that may or may not fit neatly into DSM-5 diagnostic categories. These patterns are limited to specific societies or areas and indicate repetitive and troubling sets of experiences and observations.

Question 12

According to international statistics, suicide is the lowest in predominantly _______________ countries.

Accepted Answer

According to various international studies and statistics, countries with a high proportion of Muslim populations have the lowest suicide rates in the world. One study found that out of 100,000 people, the suicide rate in Muslim countries was just 1.5, compared to 14.3 in non-Muslim-majority countries. This is often attributed to the social and cultural values of Muslim communities, such as the importance of family, social support, and the discouragement of individualism.

Question 13

As a board certified professional, you diagnosed your client, a 22-year-old man, with "demonic possession." Upon submitting your claim to his insurance company for payment, you quickly find that they refuse to compensate you. Why did this happen?

Accepted Answer

"Demonic possession" is not recognized as a psychiatric disorder within the DSM-5 guidelines, therefore it cannot be used as a valid diagnosis for insurance billing purposes. Insurance companies only recognize diagnoses that are in line with established medical and psychiatric practices.

Question 14

"Dhat" is a cultural syndrome that occurs primarily in India. However, similar conditions also occur in which two countries?

Accepted Answer

Similar conditions to dhat have been reported in Sri Lanka and China, although they may have different cultural contexts and names.

Question 15

Imagine that you are a psychologist working in private practice in the United States. You have a new client from a non-Western culture who claims that her psychological problems are caused by evil spiritual forces emitted from her mother-in-law. Would you consider this client delusional?

Accepted Answer

It is important to approach clients from diverse cultural backgrounds with cultural humility and an open mind. This client's belief may be rooted in cultural traditions and beliefs that may differ from Western perspectives. However, it is also important to assess the client's level of education and acculturation in the United States to determine if this belief is indicative of a larger psychological issue. It is not appropriate to dismiss the client's beliefs as delusional without considering cultural factors.

Question 16

The text addresses the notion that all cultural groups are socially stratified. What implication, if any, does this have for psychological counseling?

Accepted Answer

Social stratification implies diversity within cultural groups, including variations in professional occupation, income, and educational level. This diversity affects individuals' experiences and perspectives, which is crucial for psychological counseling to acknowledge and understand.

Question 17

Of the following, which group is most likely, compared to others, to report physical (non-psychological) symptoms of their depressive illness?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the Japanese, compared to other cultures, are more likely to report physical symptoms such as headaches, stomach aches, and fatigue as opposed to psychological symptoms when experiencing depression. This may be due to the cultural differences in expressing emotional distress, as Japanese culture tends to value stoicism and emotional restraint.

Question 18

There is a statistical difference between people of Western cultures and non-Western cultures in terms of how they experience depressive symptoms. Which symptoms are more common in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that guilt is more commonly reported in Western cultures as a symptom of depression, while physical symptoms such as muscle and abdominal pain are more commonly reported in non-Western cultures. Euphoria and unlimited optimism are not symptoms of depression, while schizophrenia is a separate mental disorder.

Question 19

Globally, what are the odds that an individual will be diagnosed with schizophrenia during his or her life?

Accepted Answer

According to the World Health Organization, the global lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is approximately 0.3-0.7%, which translates to about one in a hundred people being diagnosed with schizophrenia during their lifetime.

Question 20

Historically, many symptoms of schizophrenia recognized today were labeled ____________:

Accepted Answer

Many symptoms of schizophrenia were historically labeled as "madness," which was a broad term used for a range of mental illnesses.

Quiz 9: Psychological Disorders