Question 1

Research conducted by Phil Tetlock and colleagues (1981) has shown that ________ reasoning can lead to more effective peacemaking between groups in conflict.
A) emotion-based
B) complex
C) logic-based
D) circular

Accepted Answer

Complex reasoning involves considering multiple perspectives and acknowledging the uncertainty and complexity of situations, which can facilitate more effective peacemaking by promoting understanding and compromise.

Question 2

Gossip, forming alliances, and excluding others are all examples of ________ aggression.
A) hostile
B) relational
C) gender-based
D) physical

Accepted Answer

Relational aggression involves non-physical behaviors that aim to harm others through social manipulation or exclusion, such as gossiping or forming alliances. This type of aggression is often seen in girls and women, but can also occur in boys and men. Hostile aggression, on the other hand, is characterized by physical or verbal acts that are intended to harm or intimidate someone, while gender-based aggression refers to aggression motivated by a person's gender identity, expression, or perceived gender.

Question 3

During World War II, propaganda posters were distributed in the United States likening the enemies of America to rats and other animals. This is an example of
A) relational aggression.
B) dehumanization.
C) hostile violence.
D) reactive devaluation.

Accepted Answer

Dehumanization is the process of portraying a group of people as less than human, often through the use of derogatory language and comparing them to animals or other non-human entities. The propaganda posters during World War II were a form of dehumanization, as they depicted the enemy as rats and other pests to be exterminated.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about forgiveness and reconciliation is most accurate, based on the research described in the textbook?
A) Reconciliation behaviors such as confessions, apologies, and signs of remorse often trigger forgiveness.
B) Reconciliation behaviors are only seen in humans.
C) Divorced spouses fare better if they end all communication with one another.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Accepted Answer

Based on the research described in the textbook, option A is the most accurate statement regarding forgiveness and reconciliation. The research suggests that acts of repentance and expressions of remorse, such as apologies, can initiate forgiveness and facilitate reconciliation between individuals. Option B is incorrect because there is evidence of reconciliation behaviors in some animals, such as primates. Option C is also incorrect since research suggests that continuing to communicate and engage in social support, even after divorce, can have positive effects on individuals' emotional and physical well-being.

Question 5

Lee Ross and his colleagues found that people tended to ________ the extremity of attitudes held by people on the opposing side of an issue about which they felt strongly.
A) underestimate
B) devalue
C) overestimate
D) accurately guess

Accepted Answer

Lee Ross and his colleagues found that people tend to overestimate the extremity of attitudes held by people on the opposing side of an issue about which they felt strongly. This is known as the "false polarization phenomenon" or the "false consensus effect."

Question 6

Drawing on research described in the textbook, evaluate the claim that playing violent video games leads to aggression.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Drawing on research described in the textbook,...

Question 7

In a study conducted in the 1980s during the height of student protests against apartheid in South Africa, students rated highly a plan to divest university funds from South African companies when the plan was presented in the abstract. However, when the same plan was actually proposed by the university administration, students rated it lower because they saw the university administration as "the other side." This is an example of
A) reactive devaluation.
B) conflict negotiation.
C) dehumanization.
D) power-based negotiations.

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates reactive devaluation, which is the tendency for people to devalue proposals or offers made by those on the opposite side of a conflict simply because they are seen as adversaries. The students initially rated the plan highly, but when it was proposed by the university administration, they lowered their rating, likely because they saw the administration as their opponents.

Question 8

How does the United States compare to other countries in degree of income inequality? How might this difference help to explain the high rates of violence in the United States?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does the United States compare to...

Question 9

When groups in conflict are able to communicate, they are more likely to
A) become more aggressive if differences are not resolved.
B) reconcile and return to more peaceful relations.
C) overestimate the extremity of each other's attitudes.
D) dehumanize each other.

Accepted Answer

When groups in conflict are able to communicate, they can understand each other's perspective and grievances better. This can lead to a higher likelihood of reconciliation and a return to peaceful relations. While overestimating each other's attitudes and dehumanizing each other are possible outcomes, they are less likely if communication is open and productive. Additionally, becoming more aggressive is an unlikely outcome if communication leads to a resolution of differences.

Question 10

Jacob is a member of a student group on campus that is angry with university administrators for raising tuition for students. Jacob first thinks that freezing tuition for a year would be a reasonable solution, but when the administration makes this same suggestion, Jacob is upset and wants them to reduce tuition by 2 percent. This is an example of
A) miscommunication.
B) conflict negotiation.
C) reactive devaluation.
D) simplistic reasoning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of reactive devaluation, where the perceived value of a proposal decreases when it is proposed by the opposing party. Despite Jacob's initial belief that freezing tuition would be a reasonable solution, he reacts negatively to the administration's proposal because it comes from the party he is in conflict with.

Question 11

Two processes that tend to increase conflict between groups are ________ and ________.
A) communication; reactive devaluation
B) reactive devaluation; complex reasoning
C) dehumanization; reactive devaluation
D) complex reasoning; dehumanization

Accepted Answer

Dehumanization and reactive devaluation tend to increase conflict between groups. Dehumanization refers to viewing members of another group as less than human or animal-like while reactive devaluation occurs when we devalue proposals or offers made by the other side simply because they were made by the other side, without giving them a chance to be evaluated on their merits. Both of these processes decrease empathy and increase hostility between groups. Communication and complex reasoning, on the other hand, can increase understanding and reduce conflict.

Question 12

Explain the connection between social rejection and aggression from an evolutionary perspective.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the connection between social rejection and...

Question 13

Research suggests that parents are more likely to talk about emotions with girls than with boys, which may cultivate greater empathy in women. This supports the ________ theory that men are ________ into being more physically aggressive.
A) cultural; forced
B) evolutionary; socialized
C) cultural; socialized
D) emotion-based; nurtured

Accepted Answer

The statement about parents talking more about emotions with girls than with boys highlights a cultural difference in gender socialization that can cultivate greater empathy in women. This supports the cultural theory that these gender differences are socially constructed through upbringing and environment rather than innate, evolutionary differences. The answer cannot be B because the statement does not provide evidence for evolutionary differences. The answer cannot be D because although the statement mentions emotions, it does not necessarily suggest that emotional nurturing is the cause of the gender difference. The answer cannot be A because the statement does not mention anything about forcing men to be more physically aggressive.

Question 14

The evolutionary perspective holds that stepchildren are more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents than of biological parents because
A) relationships with stepchildren are not as emotionally reinforcing as relationships with biological offspring.
B) stepparents must allocate more resources to stepchildren than to biological offspring.
C) stepchildren do not enhance stepparents' inclusive fitness.
D) relationships with stepchildren do not follow the norm of reciprocity.

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary perspective suggests that stepparents may be less likely to invest resources in stepchildren than in their biological offspring, as stepchildren do not contribute to their inclusive fitness (i.e., the reproductive success of their own genes). As a result, stepparents may be more likely to abuse or neglect stepchildren relative to biological children, who represent an investment in their genetic legacy.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as one of the common outcomes of group conflict?
A) Group members dehumanize those with whom they are in conflict.
B) The parties in conflict consider their strife as a fight between good and evil.
C) Group members see those on their own side as more moral than those in the other group.
D) Group members are quick to view conflicts in practical terms (e.g., a territorial dispute)

Accepted Answer

Group members viewing conflicts in practical terms is actually listed in the textbook as a common outcome of group conflict. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as it is the only option not listed as a common outcome. A, B, and C are all listed in the textbook as common outcomes of group conflict.

Question 16

In Spike Lee's film Do the Right Thing, a race riot occurs on a very hot day. Describe how research on heat and aggression can help to explain why the race riot may have been more likely to occur on that particular day.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Spike Lee's film Do the Right...

Question 17

Distinguish between hostile and instrumental aggression and provide one example for each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Distinguish between hostile and instrumental aggression and...

Question 18

The idea that we primarily look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives to ensure that our genes will be passed on is referred to as
A) survival of the fittest.
B) evolutionary theory.
C) genetic fitness.
D) inclusive fitness.

Accepted Answer

The idea described in the question is known as inclusive fitness, which is the tendency for individuals to behave in ways that increase the chances of their genetic relatives surviving and reproducing, even if it means sacrificing some of their own resources or chances of survival. Option A refers to a broader concept in evolution, option B is a general term, and option C is related to the concept of natural selection but does not specifically address the behavior described in the question.

Question 19

One explanation for gender differences in aggression, held by ________ theorists, is that throughout history, men were more likely to be hunters and protectors and had to be physically aggressive. In contrast, the idea that men are socialized into roles that prioritize physical aggression is held by ________ theorists.
A) cultural; social
B) evolutionary; cultural
C) cultural; evolutionary
D) historical; cultural

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theorists suggest that gender differences in aggression are due to historical roles of men as hunters and protectors, requiring physical aggression. Cultural theorists argue that societal norms and roles, rather than biological or historical imperatives, shape men's aggression.

Question 20

How do approaches focused on restorative justice differ from traditional criminal justice approaches?
A) Offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for their crimes, make reparations, and engage in a respectful dialogue with victims.
B) Offenders are punished for their crimes in direct proportion to the suffering or damage that they caused.
C) Offenders and victims are separated and denied any opportunity to communicate.
D) Victims are given the power to determine the appropriate punishment for offenders.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice approaches prioritize repairing harm caused by the offense and facilitating communication between the offender and victim. Offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for their actions and make reparations instead of just being punished. This differs from traditional criminal justice approaches that focus primarily on punishing offenders through imprisonment or fines.

Quiz 13: Aggression

Research conducted by Phil Tetlock and colleagues (1981) has shown that ________ reasoning can lead to more effective peacemaking between groups in conflict.

Gossip, forming alliances, and excluding others are all examples of ________ aggression.

During World War II, propaganda posters were distributed in the United States likening the enemies of America to rats and other animals. This is an example of

Which of the following statements about forgiveness and reconciliation is most accurate, based on the research described in the textbook?

Lee Ross and his colleagues found that people tended to ________ the extremity of attitudes held by people on the opposing side of an issue about which they felt strongly.

Drawing on research described in the textbook, evaluate the claim that playing violent video games leads to aggression.

How does the United States compare to other countries in degree of income inequality? How might this difference help to explain the high rates of violence in the United States?

When groups in conflict are able to communicate, they are more likely to

Two processes that tend to increase conflict between groups are and .

Explain the connection between social rejection and aggression from an evolutionary perspective.

Research suggests that parents are more likely to talk about emotions with girls than with boys, which may cultivate greater empathy in women. This supports the theory that men are into being more physically aggressive.

The evolutionary perspective holds that stepchildren are more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents than of biological parents because

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as one of the common outcomes of group conflict?

In Spike Lee's film Do the Right Thing, a race riot occurs on a very hot day. Describe how research on heat and aggression can help to explain why the race riot may have been more likely to occur on that particular day.

Distinguish between hostile and instrumental aggression and provide one example for each.

The idea that we primarily look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives to ensure that our genes will be passed on is referred to as

How do approaches focused on restorative justice differ from traditional criminal justice approaches?