Question 1

According to ________ theory, the way that people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards as well as the costs and rewards of other relationships available to them.
A) social exchange
B) equity
C) similarity
D) tit-for-tat

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory suggests that individuals evaluate relationships based on the costs and rewards associated with them, as well as the alternatives available. This theory assumes that individuals are rational and seek to maximize their rewards while minimizing their costs.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT evidence for the need to belong?
A) Prisoners tend to be happier when they focus on their preexisting family ties rather than forming kinship-like ties with other prisoners.
B) Suicide rates are higher for single and divorced individuals.
C) Partnered gay men and women are happier than single gay men and women.
D) Mortality rates are higher for divorced, unmarried, and widowed individuals.

Accepted Answer

Option A is not evidence for the need to belong because it suggests that focusing on preexisting family ties (which is a form of belonging) rather than forming new ties in a prison environment leads to happiness. This does not negate the need to belong but rather emphasizes the importance of the source of that belonging.

Question 3

The adult attachment style characterized by excessive attempts to get closer to others and frequent worry about relationships is
A) secure.
B) anxious-ambivalent.
C) avoidant.
D) communal.

Accepted Answer

The description given for the adult attachment style of "excessive attempts to get closer to others and frequent worry about relationships" is characteristic of the anxious-ambivalent attachment style. This style is often marked by a preoccupation with relationships and feelings of insecurity, and tends to manifest with a desire for closeness and intimacy that can sometimes turn into neediness or even clinginess.

Question 4

According to social exchange theory, people
A) seek out rewards in their interactions with others, but they are not willing to incur certain costs in order to obtain them.
B) seek out rewards in their interactions with others, and they are willing to incur certain costs in order to obtain them.
C) tend to pursue those interactions that require the least effort.
D) tend to pursue those interactions that require the most effort.

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory suggests that people seek rewards in their interactions with others and are willing to incur certain costs (such as time, effort, and resources) in order to obtain these rewards. This includes both tangible rewards (such as gifts or favors) and intangible rewards (such as love, companionship, and social support). However, people will also consider the costs of these interactions and may choose to minimize their costs or seek out interactions that provide greater rewards for the same level of cost.

Question 5

As a child, Veronica was neglected by her parents. Veronica's internal working model of relationships is likely to include the belief that
A) other people can be relied on in times of need.
B) she can reliably provide security to others.
C) other people will be rejecting.
D) she is worthy of love.

Accepted Answer

Veronica's experience of neglect by her parents would have led her to internalize a working model of relationships that includes the belief that other people may be rejecting. This may manifest in her relationships as an adult, leading her to anticipate rejection and difficulty trusting others. Option A and D are less likely as the experience of neglect may have led her to feel unworthy of love and doubting the reliability of others. Option B is unlikely as she may not have had reliable caregivers herself.

Question 6

A natural experiment involves
A) using self-selection to increase the validity of study results.
B) observing what happens under naturally occurring conditions.
C) randomly assigning participants to different conditions.
D) studying participants only when they are outdoors.

Accepted Answer

A natural experiment involves observing what happens under naturally occurring conditions, rather than manipulating or controlling variables. This allows researchers to investigate the effects of a naturally occurring event or circumstance on a particular outcome. Examples of natural experiments may include studying the effects of a policy implemented in one region but not in another, or studying the impact of a natural disaster on mental health outcomes. Self-selection (A) and random assignment (C) are techniques used in experimental designs, not natural experiments. (D) is irrelevant to the definition of a natural experiment.

Question 7

Artie and Robyn just broke up. Robyn calls her best friend to talk about it. She says, "Artie is the kind of guy who never seemed to feel comfortable with intimacy or being in love. He just did not seem to trust, need, or depend on me. In fact, he would even tell me that I loved him more than I should, and this made him nervous." According to this description, Artie's attachment style is best characterized as
A) anxious-ambivalent.
B) secure.
C) avoidant.
D) a blend of anxious and secure.

Accepted Answer

Artie's behavior and statements indicate that he has an avoidant attachment style. Avoidant individuals tend to feel uncomfortable with intimacy, and they may struggle to trust or depend on their partners. They may also have a tendency to push others away or downplay the importance of the relationship. Artie's comment about Robyn loving him more than she should and making him nervous suggests that he may be afraid of becoming too attached or vulnerable in the relationship.

Question 8

In a series of experiments, Harry Harlow (1958) raised baby rhesus monkeys without contact with other rhesus monkeys but with access to two "mother surrogates," one made of cloth and the other made of wire and able to provide milk. Which of the following statements best describes the results of these experiments?
A) The monkeys who spent more time with the cloth mothers developed normally, whereas the monkeys who spent more time with the wire mothers developed abnormally.
B) The monkeys who spent more time with the wire mothers developed normally, whereas the monkeys who spent more time with the cloth mothers developed abnormally.
C) Both groups of monkeys displayed inappropriate and aggressive behaviors in adolescence.
D) Both groups of monkeys displayed appropriate and prosocial behaviors in adolescence.

Accepted Answer

The experiments showed that regardless of the type of surrogate mother, the monkeys displayed inappropriate and aggressive behaviors in adolescence due to lack of social interaction with other monkeys.

Question 9

Because they are currently in a(n) ________ relationship, Bobby and Cindy feel a special responsibility for one another and expect that they will be together for a long time.
A) individualistic
B) communal
C) exchange
D) casual

Accepted Answer

A communal relationship is characterized by a strong focus on the well-being of the other person, with a sense of responsibility, interdependence, and long-term commitment. This description fits with the relationship between Bobby and Cindy as they feel a special responsibility for one another and expect to be together for a long time. The other options do not fit well as individualistic relationships prioritize independence and self-interest, exchange relationships focus on a tit-for-tat mentality, and casual relationships lack commitment and investment in the other person.

Question 10

The term ________ distance refers to the idea that a building's layout can encourage contact between some people but discourage contact between other people.
A) functional
B) objective
C) social
D) serviceable

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term ________ distance refers to the...

Question 11

Gina is about to have her first baby. To learn more about how to raise a securely attached child, she has just read an article about John Bowlby's research, which emphasizes that attachment style
A) fluctuates in accordance with momentary changes in our moods and desires.
B) is shaped by how the child is treated during infancy and early childhood.
C) is genetically inherited (as opposed to environmentally determined).
D) is likely to change from one style to another over the life span.

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby's research emphasizes that attachment style is shaped by how the child is treated during infancy and early childhood. It is influenced by the quality of care the child receives, particularly the caregiver's availability and responsiveness to the child's needs. This attachment style can have long-term effects on the child's emotional and social development. Therefore, parents can create a secure attachment with their child by being sensitive, responsive, and consistent in their caregiving.

Question 12

Cassandra and Martin have been dating for three months. According to equity theory, Cassandra is likely motivated to
A) make sure that she gets as much as she can out of the relationship, regardless of how much she puts into it.
B) make sure that she puts as much effort as she can into the relationship, regardless of how much she gets out of it.
C) make sure that she and Martin each receive roughly what they put into the relationship.
D) create an arrangement where one partner puts in the effort and the other reaps the benefits.

Accepted Answer

According to equity theory, people are motivated to maintain a balance between the inputs they put into a relationship (such as time, effort, resources) and the outcomes they receive (such as love, companionship, support). Thus, Cassandra is likely motivated to make sure that she and Martin each receive roughly what they put into the relationship. This can help maintain a sense of fairness and prevent feelings of resentment or dissatisfaction. The other options presented go against the principles of equity theory, as they either prioritize individual gain (option A), solely putting effort into the relationship without seeking reciprocal outcomes (option B), or create an unequal relationship dynamic (option D).

Question 13

The mere exposure effect can be explained in part by
A) reciprocity.
B) operant learning.
C) equity.
D) classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect refers to the phenomenon in which an individual develops a preference for a stimulus as a result of being repeatedly exposed to it. This can be explained by classical conditioning, as the repeated exposure of the stimulus eventually leads to the formation of a conditioned response (i.e. preference).

Question 14

Infants characterized as securely attached in Mary Ainsworth's strange situation paradigm tended to
A) comfortably explore a novel environment.
B) prefer to stay in close contact with their caregivers.
C) show no distress when their caregivers left the room.
D) reject attention from their caregivers.

Accepted Answer

Infants who are securely attached in the strange situation paradigm are comfortable exploring a novel environment, but also seek contact and comfort from their caregivers when they are present. They may show some distress when their caregiver leaves, but are easily comforted when the caregiver returns. Infants who reject attention from their caregivers would be classified as avoidant attached.

Question 15

Catherine and Greg currently have an exchange relationship with one another. This means that their relationship is likely ________ and is governed by ________.
A) short-term; the principle of need
B) long-term; the principle of need
C) short-term; concerns about equity and reciprocity
D) long-term; concerns about equity and reciprocity

Accepted Answer

An exchange relationship is a type of social relationship in which individuals give and receive resources in order to achieve their own goals. This relationship is likely short-term because it is based on individual needs and desires. Additionally, the relationship is governed by concerns about equity and reciprocity because both parties are seeking to receive fair and equal treatment in the exchange. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 16

Recall that Mary Ainsworth classified the attachment patterns of infants according to how they responded to separations and reunions with their caregivers. Which of the following is NOT one of the styles she specified?
A) anxious-ambivalent
B) secure
C) communal
D) avoidant

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth did not specify a "communal" attachment style. The three main styles she identified were anxious-ambivalent, secure, and avoidant.

Question 17

Janet often encounters John at school. Because of this, they end up becoming friends. This scenario illustrates how ________ influences interpersonal attraction.
A) equity
B) physical attractiveness
C) reciprocity
D) proximity

Accepted Answer

Proximity refers to the physical or geographical nearness between individuals and has been found to be a significant influence on interpersonal attraction. In this scenario, the repeated encounters between Janet and John at school due to their proximity likely played a role in the formation of their friendship.

Question 18

If the need to belong is universal, then this need should occur in
A) relationships with parents but not with friends.
B) humans but not animals.
C) individualistic cultures but not collectivist cultures.
D) cultures around the world.

Accepted Answer

If the need to belong is universal, it means it is present in all cultures around the world, hence option D is the correct answer. Option A and B are incorrect because the need to belong is not limited to specific types of relationships or species. Option C is also incorrect because collectivist cultures often place a greater emphasis on the need to belong to a group or community.

Question 19

People living in East Asian and Latin American societies are inclined to take a(n) ________ stance in various social situations, whereas people living in European and Commonwealth countries are inclined to take a(n) ________ stance in these situations.
A) secure; avoidant
B) exchange; communal
C) avoidant; secure
D) communal; exchange

Accepted Answer

East Asian and Latin American societies often emphasize communal relationships, focusing on group harmony and collective well-being. In contrast, European and Commonwealth countries tend to emphasize exchange relationships, where interactions are more transactional and based on individual benefits.

Question 20

The strongest support for the claim that we have a need to belong comes from the finding that
A) when we lose a friendship, we do not seek out new friendships.
B) only humans form long-lasting relationships.
C) relationships are vital to our physical and mental well-being.
D) relationship styles vary among cultures.

Accepted Answer

The statement that relationships are vital to our physical and mental well-being provides the strongest support for the need to belong. This suggests that our drive to form connections with others is not just a matter of preference or convenience, but an essential part of our health and survival. Options A, B, and D do not provide as direct or compelling evidence for the need to belong.

Quiz 10: Relationships and Attraction

According to ________ theory, the way that people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards as well as the costs and rewards of other relationships available to them.

Which of the following is NOT evidence for the need to belong?

The adult attachment style characterized by excessive attempts to get closer to others and frequent worry about relationships is

According to social exchange theory, people

As a child, Veronica was neglected by her parents. Veronica's internal working model of relationships is likely to include the belief that

A natural experiment involves

Because they are currently in a(n) ________ relationship, Bobby and Cindy feel a special responsibility for one another and expect that they will be together for a long time.

The term ________ distance refers to the idea that a building's layout can encourage contact between some people but discourage contact between other people.

Gina is about to have her first baby. To learn more about how to raise a securely attached child, she has just read an article about John Bowlby's research, which emphasizes that attachment style

Cassandra and Martin have been dating for three months. According to equity theory, Cassandra is likely motivated to

The mere exposure effect can be explained in part by

Infants characterized as securely attached in Mary Ainsworth's strange situation paradigm tended to

Catherine and Greg currently have an exchange relationship with one another. This means that their relationship is likely and is governed by .

Recall that Mary Ainsworth classified the attachment patterns of infants according to how they responded to separations and reunions with their caregivers. Which of the following is NOT one of the styles she specified?

Janet often encounters John at school. Because of this, they end up becoming friends. This scenario illustrates how ________ influences interpersonal attraction.

If the need to belong is universal, then this need should occur in

People living in East Asian and Latin American societies are inclined to take a(n) stance in various social situations, whereas people living in European and Commonwealth countries are inclined to take a(n) stance in these situations.

The strongest support for the claim that we have a need to belong comes from the finding that