Question 1

The taste receptor that steers us from eating toxic substances is:
A)Umami
B)Bitter
C)Sour
D)Salty

Accepted Answer

The bitter taste receptor evolved as a way to steer us away from potentially toxic substances in nature. Many poisonous plants and substances have a bitter taste, so our aversion to bitter flavors helps protect us from ingesting harmful things.

Question 2

In selecting diets:
A)Herbivores get all nutrients from a single source,plants.
B)Carnivores get all nutrients from a single source,meat.
C)Omnivores get all nutrients from a variety of sources.
D)All of the above are true.

Accepted Answer

All statements are true as they accurately describe the dietary habits of herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Herbivores consume plants to get their nutrients, carnivores eat meat, and omnivores have a varied diet that includes both plant and animal sources.

Question 3

The main benefit of consumption of salty foods is:
A)They are high in several nutrients
B)The benefit for neural function
C)They tend to be associated with protein
D)They are rarely toxic

Accepted Answer

The main benefit of consumption of salty foods is their benefit for neural function. Consuming salt helps transmit nerve impulses and contributes to proper muscle function, making it especially important for individuals who engage in physical labor or exercise regularly. However, excessive consumption of salt can lead to health problems such as high blood pressure, so moderation is key. Choices A, C, and D are not accurate statements about the benefits of consuming salty foods.

Question 4

The five primary tastes include:
A)Sour,salty,sweet,bitter,and metallic
B)Sour,salty,sweet,bitter,and spicy
C)Sour,salty,sweet,bitter,and umami
D)Sour,savory,salty,sweet,and umami

Accepted Answer

The five primary tastes are sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and umami. Sour taste comes from acidic substances, salty taste comes from salt, sweet taste comes from sugar, bitter taste comes from alkaloids, and umami taste comes from glutamates. Metallic and spicy tastes are not considered primary tastes, and savory is not recognized as a distinct taste but rather a combination of flavors.

Question 5

The "wisdom of the body" in reference to hunger refers to:
A)How the body regulates the amount of food consumed
B)The ability to maintain a particular weight under normal conditions
C)The ability to choose a relatively balanced diet
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

The "wisdom of the body" refers to the body's ability to choose a relatively balanced diet, as it instinctively knows what nutrients it needs to maintain health.

Question 6

Jamie had a stroke,and as a result,she lost her preoptic area of the hypothalamus.What would be the most significant change in her behavior?
A)She will be unable to tell if she is hungry.
B)She will not stop eating even when full.
C)She will not realize that she is getting frostbite after being in the cold too long.
D)She will be unable to tell if she is thirsty.

Accepted Answer

The preoptic area of the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in thermoregulation, helping the body to recognize and respond to changes in temperature. Damage to this area can impair the body's ability to sense and react to cold, potentially leading to situations where someone does not realize they are getting frostbite.

Question 7

You take a sip of milk from the carton and find that it has spoiled.For saving you from drinking the spoiled milk you should thank your:
A)Sweet taste receptors
B)Sour taste receptors
C)Salty taste receptors
D)Bitter taste receptors

Accepted Answer

Sour taste receptors are responsible for detecting the presence of acidic substances, which includes spoiled or sour milk. These receptors send signals to the brain, which create the sensation of sourness, prompting us to spit out the spoiled milk. Therefore, you should thank your sour taste receptors for saving you from drinking the spoiled milk.

Question 8

Excessive drinking is most likely to be observed in rats if:
A)They have not consumed any salt in their diet
B)They are male
C)They have been given a high salt diet
D)It has been several hours since their last meal

Accepted Answer

The presence or absence of salt in the diet or the time since the last meal is unlikely to have a direct effect on excessive drinking behavior in rats. However, research has shown that rats given a high salt diet are more likely to consume alcohol excessively compared to rats on a normal diet. Therefore, choice C is the most likely scenario that would result in excessive drinking behavior in rats.

Question 9

We lose water through:
A)Sweating
B)Urination
C)Defecation
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

We lose water through all three methods of sweating, urination, and defecation. Sweat is the primary method of water loss during physical activity and hot weather. Urine is a waste product of the kidneys, and defecation is the elimination of solid waste from the body.

Question 10

Jimmy drinks a bottle of water,and therefore does not feel thirsty anymore.This is because the receptors in his ___ have detected the presence of water and triggered the feeling of satiety for water.
A)Brain stem
B)Kidney
C)Stomach
D)Subfornical organ

Accepted Answer

The receptors in the stomach have detected the presence of water and triggered the feeling of satiety for water.

Question 11

Osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst:
A)Are interchangeable names for the same thirst drive
B)Can vary independently
C)Always vary together
D)Are names for the thirst drive in homeothermic and endothermic animals,respectively

Accepted Answer

Osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst are two different mechanisms that can trigger the sensation of thirst. Osmotic thirst is driven by changes in the concentration of solutes in the blood, and its purpose is to maintain the body's water balance. Hypovolemic thirst, on the other hand, is triggered by a reduction in blood volume, often due to dehydration, and its purpose is to restore the body's fluid levels. These mechanisms can vary independently, depending on the specific conditions that are affecting the body's water balance.

Question 12

There are two types of thirst:
A)One with respect to water levels in the cells and one with respect to water content in the blood
B)One with respect to water levels in the cells and one with respect to water content in the urine
C)One with respect to water content in the blood and one with respect to water content in the urine
D)One with respect to water content in the skin and one with respect to water levels in the cells

Accepted Answer

Thirst can be categorized based on the body's need for water to maintain cellular hydration (intracellular) and the need to maintain the correct volume and concentration of blood plasma (extracellular).

Question 13

Robert couldn't get used to the changing seasons;he felt hot so he wanted the air conditioning on,then he felt chilled.His sensations of being either too hot or too cold resulted from the actions of his:
A)Hypothalamus
B)Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
C)Postoptic area of the hypothalamus
D)Preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

The preoptic area of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature and can detect changes in external environmental temperature. When the body detects that it is too warm, the preoptic area activates cooling mechanisms, such as sweating and dilation of blood vessels near the skin, to help lower body temperature. Conversely, when the body detects that it is too cold, the preoptic area activates warming mechanisms, such as shivering and constriction of blood vessels near the skin, to help raise body temperature. Therefore, Robert's sensations of being too hot or too cold are likely due to the actions of his preoptic area, which is responsible for regulating body temperature.

Question 14

Which of the following procedures induces drinking?
A)Increasing blood volume
B)Increasing fluid retention in the kidney
C)Lesioning the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis
D)Injecting angiotensin into the subfornical organ

Accepted Answer

Injecting angiotensin into the subfornical organ induces drinking by increasing thirst and water intake.

Question 15

When eating a well-balanced dinner,the taste receptor most active is:
A)Sweet,since many nutritious foods taste somewhat sweet
B)Salty,because salt is a critical nutrient
C)Umami,which responds to needed amino acids
D)All taste receptors will be active

Accepted Answer

A well-balanced dinner includes a variety of flavors and nutrients, activating all taste receptors: sweet, salty, umami, bitter, and sour.

Question 16

We might complain about feeling hot and then drink something cool or loosen our clothing with the desired intent of cooling ourselves but we cannot properly say that these behaviors are:
A)Premeditated
B)Conscious
C)Intentional
D)Involuntary

Accepted Answer

The behaviors described in the question involve an intention to cool oneself down, which makes them intentional. The fact that we are aware of our discomfort and take action to alleviate it also means that they are conscious. However, they are not necessarily premeditated or involuntary, as they might just be reflexive responses to our body's signals.

Question 17

Osmotic thirst occurs:
A)When the fluid content inside cells decreases
B)When the individual has taken in more food than water
C)When a salty meal has been ingested
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Osmotic thirst occurs when the fluid content inside cells decreases, causing cells to lose water and triggering thirst. Choices B and C are not accurate descriptions of osmotic thirst.

Question 18

Hypovolemic thirst occurs when:
A)There has been excessive blood loss
B)A salty meal was just consumed
C)A large meal was just consumed
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Hypovolemic thirst occurs in response to a loss of blood volume, which can happen due to excessive bleeding or fluid loss. Consuming a salty or large meal is not typically a trigger for hypovolemic thirst.

Question 19

Which of the following taste receptors is least likely to be activated when you eat a pizza with sausage and pineapple?
A)Umami
B)Salty
C)Sour
D)Bitter

Accepted Answer

Bitter taste receptors are least likely to be activated by a pizza with sausage and pineapple. Umami receptors respond to the savory taste of sausage, salty receptors to any added salt, and sour receptors might be activated by the acidity of the pineapple. Bitterness is not a primary taste in the ingredients of this pizza.

Question 20

Corporal Phillips was shot in the leg and was bleeding heavily.Phillips was desperate for something to drink because of ___ thirst,due to decreased blood flow signals sent to the ___.
A)osmotic,nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
B)hypervolemic,nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
C)hypovolemic,nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
D)hypovolemic,subfornical organ

Accepted Answer

Phillips is experiencing hypovolemic thirst due to the decreased blood flow signals being sent to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). The subfornical organ is also involved in thirst regulation, but it is not mentioned in the context of this scenario. Option A is incorrect as osmotic thirst is triggered by an increase in plasma osmolality, which is not mentioned in the scenario. Option B is also incorrect as hypervolemia is opposite to what Phillips is experiencing, which is hypovolemia. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Quiz 6: Motivation and the Regulation of Internal States

The taste receptor that steers us from eating toxic substances is:

In selecting diets:

The main benefit of consumption of salty foods is:

The five primary tastes include:

The "wisdom of the body" in reference to hunger refers to:

Jamie had a stroke,and as a result,she lost her preoptic area of the hypothalamus.What would be the most significant change in her behavior?

You take a sip of milk from the carton and find that it has spoiled.For saving you from drinking the spoiled milk you should thank your:

Excessive drinking is most likely to be observed in rats if:

We lose water through:

Jimmy drinks a bottle of water,and therefore does not feel thirsty anymore.This is because the receptors in his ___ have detected the presence of water and triggered the feeling of satiety for water.

Osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst:

There are two types of thirst:

Robert couldn't get used to the changing seasons;he felt hot so he wanted the air conditioning on,then he felt chilled.His sensations of being either too hot or too cold resulted from the actions of his:

Which of the following procedures induces drinking?

When eating a well-balanced dinner,the taste receptor most active is:

We might complain about feeling hot and then drink something cool or loosen our clothing with the desired intent of cooling ourselves but we cannot properly say that these behaviors are:

Osmotic thirst occurs:

Hypovolemic thirst occurs when:

Which of the following taste receptors is least likely to be activated when you eat a pizza with sausage and pineapple?

Corporal Phillips was shot in the leg and was bleeding heavily.Phillips was desperate for something to drink because of _ thirst,due to decreased blood flow signals sent to the _.