Question 1

Generally,fat levels are proportional to:
A)Leptin levels
B)Glycogen levels
C)Neuropeptide Y levels
D)Ghrelin levels

Accepted Answer

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that regulates appetite and energy metabolism. It acts on the hypothalamus, which controls food intake and energy balance. High levels of fat lead to higher levels of leptin, which signal the brain to decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure, thus reducing fat levels. Conversely, low levels of fat lead to lower levels of leptin, which signal the brain to increase food intake and decrease energy expenditure, thus increasing fat levels. Therefore, fat levels are proportional to leptin levels.

Question 2

If you are forced to move to Nome,Alaska,you will find yourself colder more often,and therefore need to eat more food to maintain your body temperature.As a result,which of the following will also go up?
A)Your weight
B)Your basal metabolism
C)Your ghrelin levels
D)Your CCK levels

Accepted Answer

Your basal metabolism will increase because your body will need to expend more energy to maintain its core temperature in the colder environment, leading to a higher metabolic rate.

Question 3

When you feel full after a meal,you stop eating because:
A)Stretch receptors in the stomach send a message to the nucleus of the solitary tract
B)Nutrients in the stomach and intestines reduce subsequent eating
C)The stomach and intestines release peptides to inform the brain about consumed nutrients
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the given options play a role in signaling to the brain to stop eating when you feel full. Stretch receptors in the stomach send a message to the nucleus of the solitary tract, nutrients in the stomach and intestines reduce subsequent eating, and peptides are released by the stomach and intestines to inform the brain about consumed nutrients.

Question 4

Generally,the amount of leptin in the blood is proportional to:
A)Neuropeptide Y levels
B)Insulin levels
C)Fat levels
D)Glycogen levels

Accepted Answer

Leptin is primarily produced by fat cells, so the amount of leptin in the blood is proportional to the amount of fat in the body.

Question 5

Lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus produces:
A)Overeating
B)Under eating
C)Overdrinking
D)Under drinking

Accepted Answer

Lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus produces overeating, as this area is responsible for regulating feelings of fullness and satiety. Damage to this area can disrupt the signals that tell the body to stop eating, leading to overconsumption of food. Lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus would not necessarily affect drinking behavior.

Question 6

The hormone PYY is released by the ___,which travels in the bloodstream to the ___.The result is decreased caloric intake over the next 12 hours.
A)stomach,NST
B)intestines,arcuate nucleus
C)liver,fourth ventricle
D)liver,vagus nerve

Accepted Answer

PYY is released by the intestines and travels in the bloodstream to the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. This signaling results in decreased caloric intake over the next 12 hours by reducing appetite.

Question 7

We are not very likely to see Star Jones (or any other former overweight celebrity)hawking CCK as the newest weight-loss wonder because ___.
A)it causes immediate overcompensation and weight gain through excessive ghrelin production
B)animal research indicates the weight loss is accompanied by severe taste aversions
C)animal research indicates that CCK supplements trigger smaller but more frequent meals
D)animals given CCK stabilize their weight loss and soon start gaining weight over time

Accepted Answer

Animal research indicates that CCK supplements trigger smaller but more frequent meals, which may not be seen as a highly marketable weight-loss solution for celebrities or consumers looking for a quick fix. Option A is incorrect because overcompensation and weight gain through excessive ghrelin production is not a known effect of CCK. Option B is incorrect because although taste aversions have been observed in animal studies, it is not severe and has not been observed in human studies. Option D is incorrect because although initial stabilization and subsequent weight gain have been observed in animal studies, it is not a known effect of CCK supplements in humans.

Question 8

The urge to eat can be a result of either leptin ___ or neuropeptide Y ___.
A)increasing,increasing
B)increasing,decreasing
C)decreasing,increasing
D)increasing,remains the same

Accepted Answer

Leptin is a hormone associated with suppressing hunger; when its levels decrease, the urge to eat increases. Neuropeptide Y, on the other hand, is a neurotransmitter that stimulates appetite; when its levels increase, the urge to eat also increases.

Question 9

Leptin levels are higher in:
A)Obese individuals
B)Non-obese individuals
C)Diabetic individuals
D)Non-diabetic individuals

Accepted Answer

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Obese individuals have higher levels of leptin due to the increased amount of adipose tissue in their body. However, due to a condition called leptin resistance, their bodies may not respond to the hormone's signaling, leading to continued overeating and weight gain.

Question 10

Cholecystokinin (CCK):
A)Is a hormone that is released during the fasting stage,which signals it is time to eat
B)Injected directly into the bloodstream of obese humans decreases meal size
C)Is produced in the liver during a meal
D)Is a hormone released in the blood stream when fluid levels are low

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to food in the stomach and small intestine. It stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile, and also acts as an appetite suppressant by reducing food intake. Injecting CCK directly into the bloodstream has been shown to decrease meal size, making option B the correct answer.

Question 11

Cholecystokinin (CCK)helps give Phil that "full feeling" via its effects,conveyed by the ___ to Phil's ___ and ultimately to his ___.
A)liver,duodenum,hypothalamus
B)vagus nerve,NST,hypothalamus
C)liver,vagus nerve,hypothalamus
D)NPY,vagus nerve,area postrema

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by the small intestine in response to the presence of food, particularly fats and proteins. It acts on the vagus nerve, which carries signals to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the brainstem, and ultimately to the hypothalamus. In the hypothalamus, CCK helps regulate appetite and create a feeling of fullness or satiety. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as it includes the pathway from the vagus nerve to the NST to the hypothalamus.

Question 12

The brain will be informed of the nutrients consumed via:
A)Specific peptides released for the carbohydrates consumed
B)The vagus nerve
C)The bloodstream
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The brain will be informed of the...

Question 13

Since 1980,the adult obesity rate in the United States___.
A)has doubled
B)has increased by tenfold
C)has tripled
D)has increased by 25%

Accepted Answer

The adult obesity rate in the United States has approximately doubled since 1980.

Question 14

You might think twice about your next Oreo cookie if you think about the link between a one-point increase in BMI and ___ increased risk of temporal lobe ___.
A)13-16%,tumors
B)40-50%,atrophy
C)25-35%,shrinkage
D)5-10%,strokes

Accepted Answer

A one-point increase in BMI is linked to a 13-16% increased risk of temporal lobe tumors.

Question 15

If you are placed into an experimental manipulation whereby your food intake and subsequent weight were changed,what would happen?
A)If you gained weight,your body would increase its energy expenditure.
B)If you lost weight,your body would compensate by decreasing energy expenditures.
C)Your body will attemp to "defend" your original weight.
D)All of the above are correct.

Accepted Answer

All of the options describe mechanisms by which the body attempts to maintain homeostasis in response to changes in weight. The body adjusts energy expenditure and strives to return to its original weight, a phenomenon often referred to as the "set point" theory.

Question 16

When the ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned in one parabiotic rat and not the other,the one lesioned will ___ and the one not lesioned will ___.
A)overeat,overeat
B)under eat,under eat
C)overeat,under eat
D)under eat,overeat

Accepted Answer

The ventromedial hypothalamus plays a critical role in satiety. When it is lesioned, the rat loses the ability to recognize when it is full, leading to overeating. The parabiotic partner, sharing a circulatory system but with an intact ventromedial hypothalamus, will experience the opposite effect due to the shared circulation of satiety signals or metabolic consequences, leading to under-eating.

Question 17

Parabiotic rats:
A)Are genetically similar
B)Share a blood supply
C)Are rats who have a steady diet rich in yogurt and other foods with active cultures
D)Are rats that are on a high dose of antibiotics

Accepted Answer

Parabiotic rats are rats that are surgically joined so that they share a blood supply.

Question 18

The health risks due to obesity include:
A)Heart disease
B)Stroke
C)Diabetes
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

All three options (heart disease, stroke, and diabetes) are health risks associated with obesity.

Question 19

High levels of leptin and insulin in obese individuals do not inhibit eating because they:
A)Seem to be less responsive to these than normal-weight people
B)Have damage to the hypothalamus
C)Have abnormally low levels of neuropeptide Y
D)Do inhibit eating,but glucose levels must be much higher

Accepted Answer

Obese individuals seem to be less responsive to the satiety signals of leptin and insulin, which are normally supposed to suppress appetite and reduce food intake. This is known as leptin and insulin resistance, where the brain does not receive the signal to stop eating despite the presence of high levels of these hormones. As a result, obese individuals may continue to overeat and gain weight.

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding neuropeptide Y is false?
A)It is released by the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
B)It stimulates eating.
C)It is released in response to low glucose.
D)It may help an animal to conserve energy.

Accepted Answer

Neuropeptide Y is not released by the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, but rather by the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Quiz 6: Motivation and the Regulation of Internal States

Generally,fat levels are proportional to:

If you are forced to move to Nome,Alaska,you will find yourself colder more often,and therefore need to eat more food to maintain your body temperature.As a result,which of the following will also go up?

When you feel full after a meal,you stop eating because:

Generally,the amount of leptin in the blood is proportional to:

Lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus produces:

The hormone PYY is released by the _,which travels in the bloodstream to the _.The result is decreased caloric intake over the next 12 hours.

We are not very likely to see Star Jones (or any other former overweight celebrity) hawking CCK as the newest weight-loss wonder because ___.

The urge to eat can be a result of either leptin _ or neuropeptide Y _.

Leptin levels are higher in:

Cholecystokinin (CCK) :

Cholecystokinin (CCK) helps give Phil that "full feeling" via its effects,conveyed by the _ to Phil's _ and ultimately to his ___.

The brain will be informed of the nutrients consumed via:

Since 1980,the adult obesity rate in the United States___.

You might think twice about your next Oreo cookie if you think about the link between a one-point increase in BMI and _ increased risk of temporal lobe _.

If you are placed into an experimental manipulation whereby your food intake and subsequent weight were changed,what would happen?

When the ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned in one parabiotic rat and not the other,the one lesioned will _ and the one not lesioned will _.

Parabiotic rats:

The health risks due to obesity include:

High levels of leptin and insulin in obese individuals do not inhibit eating because they:

Which of the following statements regarding neuropeptide Y is false?