Question 1

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development is best characterized by which example?

Accepted Answer

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. In option C, the child can count to five independently but can count to ten with the teacher's assistance, which exemplifies the ZPD.

Question 2

Which theorist claimed that children have an innate ability to rapidly acquire language?

Accepted Answer

Noam Chomsky proposed the theory of an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that enables children to rapidly learn and understand language.

Question 3

A boy brings a doll everywhere he goes. He sees other boys playing with blocks and never dolls. The boy puts his doll away and joins the other boys. According to Bandura, the boy did this because

Accepted Answer

The answer of A boy brings a doll everywhere he...

Question 4

Danika's mom is angry on the phone, raises her voice, and yells before slamming the phone down. Later, Danika's mom sees Danika yelling at her doll for being late and abruptly pushing the doll onto the floor. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Danika is exhibiting observational learning, where she mimics the behavior she observed from her mom, demonstrating how children learn behaviors by watching others.

Question 5

Robyn and Marlene climbed the neighbors' fence to use their trampoline. Robyn's mom got angry and put Robyn on a timeout before giving a chore to Robyn. Marlene saw Robyn get scolded and punished and never climbed the fence again. Why?

Accepted Answer

Marlene learned from observing Robyn's punishment, which is an example of vicarious reinforcement learning.

Question 6

A developmental systems theorist is most likely to hold that human behavior is shaped by

Accepted Answer

Developmental systems theory emphasizes that human behavior is influenced by a complex interplay of biological, environmental, and social factors, rather than being determined by any single factor.

Question 7

A stay-at-home working parent decides to work full time outside the home. This will impact the child through effects on the

Accepted Answer

The micro system involves the child's immediate environment, such as family. The exo system involves external environments that indirectly affect the child, like the parent's workplace.

Question 8

Why might children be influenced by physical and/or social settings, customs, beliefs, and views of caregivers in their home?

Accepted Answer

Children's learning is shaped by the cultural context.

Question 9

A researcher wants to identify leading causes of adolescent use of vaping. Which statement could serve as a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested and is often a prediction about the relationship between variables. Option A is a testable statement predicting a cause of vaping.

Question 10

Discovery-based science allows for a new way of learning why teens behave a certain way. Which reflects a discovery-based approach to this question?

Accepted Answer

Discovery-based science involves open-ended exploration and observation to gather insights, making open-ended interviews a suitable method for understanding teen behavior motivations.

Question 11

Which approach would limit the generalizability of study findings to the population of interest?

Accepted Answer

Convenience sampling limits generalizability because it involves selecting participants who are easily accessible rather than a representative sample of the population.

Question 12

Why might qualitative research allow for more depth in understanding a phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research focuses on exploring participants' experiences and perspectives, allowing for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon being studied without being constrained by predefined hypotheses.

Question 13

A researcher observes children at a playground during recess. This study is designed with no interactions with the subjects. This type of study is known as

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation is a type of observational research in which the researcher observes subjects in their natural setting without interacting with them.

Question 14

A researcher wants to measure the frequency of cyberbullying at different grade levels at an elementary school. Which type of study should be applied?

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional study is appropriate for measuring the frequency of cyberbullying at different grade levels at a single point in time, allowing for comparison across these groups.

Question 15

An experiment that follows the same group of children over a period of time is called a _______ study.

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study involves observing the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, which fits the description of following the same group of children over time.

Question 16

A researcher has designed a study that will involve obtaining frequent, closely spaced observations of children. This is a _______ study.

Accepted Answer

A microgenetic study involves obtaining frequent, closely spaced observations to understand the process of change as it occurs.

Question 17

Behavioral genetic studies generally involve observing

Accepted Answer

Behavioral genetic studies generally involve observing:
d. twins, adopted children, or genome-wide associations.
Behavioral genetics is a field of scientific research that explores the connections between genes and behavior. Researchers in this field often study twins (especially identical twins who share the same genetic makeup) to understand the influence of genetics versus the environment on various traits and behaviors. They also study children who have been adopted, comparing traits and behaviors with their adoptive and biological families to disentangle the effects of genetics from those of the rearing environment. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are used to scan the genomes of many individuals to find genetic variations associated with particular behaviors or psychological traits. These methods allow scientists to estimate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in behavior.

Question 18

A university class practiced writing cover letters all semester. To test what they learned about letter-writing, the final essay asks them to write about ways to job search. This violates _______ validity.

Accepted Answer

The test does not appear to measure what it is supposed to measure, which is the ability to write cover letters, not job search strategies. This affects face validity.

Question 19

Middle schoolers participated in a sex education and health program early in the year. They were tested at the end of the program to measure what they retained. A week later, they were tested again to see if individual children received similar scores. Which type of reliability is demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability is demonstrated when the same test is administered to the same group at two different points in time to assess the consistency of the results.

Question 20

A group of researchers attempted to recreate several studies with identical procedures. These researchers discovered that most repeated studies were unable to match the original results. This shows a problem in which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Scientific replicability refers to the ability to achieve consistent results when an experiment is repeated under the same conditions. The inability to replicate original study results indicates a problem with replicability.

Quiz 1: Goals, Theories, and Methods