Question 1

A scientist interested in examining age-related differences in children's use of mathematical strategies is an example of which developmental approach?

Accepted Answer

A

Question 2

Gradual changes in an infant's ability to move is an example of _______ change.

Accepted Answer

Gradual changes in an infant's ability to move are considered quantitative changes because they involve measurable and incremental improvements in motor skills.

Question 3

The transition from babbling to using words can be considered an example of _______ change.

Accepted Answer

The transition from babbling to using words represents a qualitative change because it involves a fundamental transformation in the nature of communication, not just an increase in quantity or sequence.

Question 4

The spread or variability among children in various aspects of development are called

Accepted Answer

Individual differences refer to the variations or variability among children in their development, including cognitive, physical, and emotional aspects.

Question 5

A child in a remote village in Brazil may not understand basic math concepts because the language does not have words for numbers. This reflects a cultural influence on

Accepted Answer

The form a skill takes can be influenced by cultural factors, such as language, which may not include specific terms for numbers, affecting how mathematical concepts are understood and expressed.

Question 6

Rutter (1981) conducted a study on children from an orphanage: When infants received adequate care in adoptive homes, they became more affectionate, more cheerful. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This study demonstrates plasticity, as it shows that infants can adapt and change positively in response to improved environments or experiences, such as receiving adequate care in adoptive homes.

Question 7

The nature-nurture seesaw is best summarized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The nature-nurture debate involves understanding the extent to which genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) influence individual traits and behaviors.

Question 8

A child has difficulty processing information early on, leading to challenges in making friends and later experiences of being bullied. What are these related effects called?

Accepted Answer

Developmental cascades refer to the cumulative consequences for development that result from interactions and transactions occurring in developing systems. In this case, early difficulties in processing information lead to challenges in social interactions and subsequent experiences of being bullied.

Question 9

A child is overtly scolded by nonresponsive parents often. In adolescence, the child begins to form relationships with peers who demonstrate antisocial, even violent behaviors. This example demonstrates

Accepted Answer

Cascades over time refers to the idea that negative experiences in childhood can have long-term consequences, leading to problems in adolescence and adulthood. In this example, the child's experience of being scolded by nonresponsive parents led to them forming relationships with peers who demonstrated antisocial and violent behaviors.

Question 10

Early philosopher John Locke viewed children as a tabula rasa, meaning they were

Accepted Answer

John Locke's concept of "tabula rasa" suggests that children are born as a blank slate, with their knowledge and personality shaped by experience and environment.

Question 11

Why did early French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe formal education should begin at age 12?

Accepted Answer

Rousseau believed that children should be free to explore and learn from the world around them without the constraints of formal education until they reached an age where they could reason and think critically, which he considered to be around age 12.

Question 12

Policies and programs are developed to improve and enhance the lives of families and children. Which national program has been implemented to benefit children's learning?

Accepted Answer

A library reading program that encourages children to explore many books is designed to benefit children's learning by promoting literacy and a love for reading.

Question 13

Theory is best defined as

Accepted Answer

A theory is a set of interconnected statements, ideas, or principles that aim to explain observable events or phenomena.

Question 14

A developmental scientist hypothesizes that children learn language at such young ages because the brain guides learning through "regions" innately dedicated to language. Which idea best characterizes this type of theory?

Accepted Answer

This theory aligns with a top-down explanation of development, where innate structures or processes in the brain guide and influence learning and development, such as language acquisition.

Question 15

A teenager begins bullying other kids at school. Upon investigation, a school psychologist discovers the student has been neglected at home and feels powerless. Which theoretical orientation might explain the teen's bullying behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A teenager begins bullying other kids at...

Question 16

A child has the impulse to hit other children when he gets upset. However, the child realizes such behaviors are inappropriate and unacceptable, and therefore the child refrains from hitting. According to Freud's theory, the

Accepted Answer

The superego represents the internalized societal and parental standards of behavior. In this scenario, the superego is imposing these standards on the id's impulse to hit, leading the child to refrain from acting on the impulse.

Question 17

A child is attempting to gain math competency to keep up with the class. According to Erikson's psychosocial stage theory, this child is experiencing conflict from which stage?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's psychosocial stage theory, the conflict of Industry vs. Inferiority occurs during school age, where children strive to develop a sense of competence and achievement in their skills, such as math, to keep up with their peers.

Question 18

Adrian is living on his own for the first time and is pursuing a romantic relationship with a friend. Out of fear of rejection, Adrian is struggling with self-doubt and is hesitant to share his feelings. This serves as an example of which psychosocial stage?

Accepted Answer

This scenario reflects Erik Erikson's "Intimacy vs Isolation" stage, where young adults face the challenge of forming intimate relationships while overcoming fears of rejection and isolation.

Question 19

Benita is trying to replace her cravings to smoke by drinking a juice that she hates anytime she feels a craving. She is hoping this will decrease her smoking behavior. This type of conditioning is known as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Benita is trying to replace her cravings...

Question 20

A mother and young child walked past a man with long hair. The child shouted: "Why does that mommy have a beard?" After mother explains that men can have long hair, the child now modifies the notion of men to include possibly having long hair. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

The answer of A mother and young child walked past...

Quiz 1: Goals, Theories, and Methods