Question 1

Which of the following is incorrect when naming a variable in SPSS?
A) Must begin with a letter and not a number
B) Must end in a full stop
C) Cannot exceed 64 characters
D) Cannot include symbols such as ?, & and %

Accepted Answer

Variables in SPSS do not need to end in a full stop; this is not a requirement for naming variables in SPSS.

Question 2

Which of the following is not an SPSS Type variable?
A) Word
B) Numeric
C) String
D) Date

Accepted Answer

SPSS supports various types of variables including Numeric, String, and Date, but "Word" is not recognized as a specific variable type within SPSS. Numeric variables are for numbers, String variables are for text, and Date variables are for dates, but there is no specific "Word" variable type.

Question 3

A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called:
A) A bar chart
B) A pie chart
C) A line graph
D) A vertical graph

Accepted Answer

A bar chart uses vertical bars to represent data, allowing for easy comparison of different categories or groups.

Question 4

The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:
A) Summarize the characteristics of a data set
B) Draw conclusions from the data
C) None of the above
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe the main features of a collection of data, simplifying what could be a vast amount of data into a simple summary.

Question 5

The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:
A) The mode
B) The normal distribution
C) The standard deviation
D) The variance

Accepted Answer

The standard deviation is a measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean. It is calculated by taking the square root of the variance.

Question 6

To compare the performance of a group at time T1 and then at T2, we would use:
A) A chi-squared test
B) One-way analysis of variance
C) Analysis of variance
D) A paired t-test

Accepted Answer

A paired t-test is used to compare the means of a group at two different times, making it the appropriate choice for comparing performance at time T1 and then at T2.

Question 7

A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:
A) The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact true
B) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact false
C) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true
D) The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact false

Accepted Answer

A Type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, meaning it is rejected when it is actually true.

Question 8

The significance level
A) Is set after a statistical test is conducted
B) Is always set at 0.05
C) Results in a p-value
D) Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The significance level, often denoted as alpha (α), is a threshold chosen by the researcher before conducting a statistical test to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. It measures the probability of making a Type I error, which is rejecting a true null hypothesis.

Question 9

To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based on the knowledge of one or more independent variables, we would use
A) Regression analysis
B) Correlation analysis
C) Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
D) One-way analysis of variance

Accepted Answer

Regression analysis is used to predict the value of a dependent variable based on the values of one or more independent variables, making it the correct choice for predicting outcomes in new cases.

Question 10

In conducting secondary data analysis, researchers should ask themselves all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Who produced the document?
B) Is the material genuine?
C) How can respondents be re-interviewed?
D) Why was the document produced?

Accepted Answer

Secondary data analysis involves analyzing data collected by someone else. Re-interviewing respondents is not relevant to this process since the researcher is working with existing data, not collecting new data through interviews.

Question 11

Which of the following are not true of reflexivity?
A) It recognizes that the researcher is not a neutral observer
B) It has mainly been applied to the analysis of qualitative data
C) It is part of a post-positivist tradition
D) A danger of adopting a reflexive stance is the researcher can become the focus of the study

Accepted Answer

Reflexivity is associated with interpretivist and constructivist paradigms, not the post-positivist tradition, which emphasizes objectivity and the separation of the researcher from the subject of research.

Question 12

Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Member checking for accuracy and interpretation
B) Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data
C) Exploring rival explanations
D) Analysing negative cases

Accepted Answer

Transcribing interviews does improve the accuracy of data, but it does not directly strengthen the validity of qualitative research. Validity is more about the correctness and credibility of the interpretation of data, which is enhanced through methods like member checking, exploring rival explanations, and analyzing negative cases, rather than through the mere act of transcribing data.

Question 13

Qualitative data analysis programs are useful for each of the following EXCEPT:
A) Manipulation of large amounts of data
B) Exploring of the data against new dimensions
C) Querying of data
D) Generating codes

Accepted Answer

Generating codes is not a function of qualitative data analysis programs.

Question 14

Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and conducted?
A) Results
B) Design
C) Introduction
D) Background

Accepted Answer

The Design section of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and conducted, including methodology, materials used, and procedures followed.

Question 15

Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice?
A) Action research
B) Basic research
C) Professional research
D) Predictive research

Accepted Answer

Action research is a form of inquiry that is designed to address issues and solve problems within a specific organization or community. It involves a cycle of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting, with the goal of improving practice and increasing knowledge. Managers and professionals often use action research to implement changes and improve efficiency within their organizations.

Question 16

Plagiarism can be avoided by:
A) Copying the work of others accurately
B) Paraphrasing the author's text in your own words
C) Cut and pasting from the Internet
D) Quoting directly without revealing the source

Accepted Answer

Paraphrasing the author's text in your own words and citing the source properly is a legitimate way to use someone else's work without committing plagiarism.

Question 17

In preparing for a presentation, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Practice the presentation
B) Ignore your nerves
C) Get to know more about your audience
D) Take an advanced look, if possible, at the facilities

Accepted Answer

Ignoring your nerves is not advisable because acknowledging and managing your nerves is an important part of preparing for a presentation. It helps you to channel your nervous energy positively rather than letting it detract from your performance.

Question 18

You can create interest in your presentation by:
A) Using bullet points
B) Reading from notes
C) Maximizing the use of animation effects
D) Using metaphors

Accepted Answer

Using metaphors can make the content more relatable and engaging for the audience, thereby creating interest.

Question 19

In preparing for a viva or similar oral examination, it is best if you have:
A) Avoided citing the examiner in your thesis
B) Made exaggerated claims on the basis of your data
C) Published and referenced your own article(s)
D) Tried to memorize your work

Accepted Answer

Publishing and referencing your own articles demonstrates engagement with your research field and contributes to establishing your authority on the subject matter.

Question 20

Grounded theory coding:
A) Makes use of a priori concepts from the literature
B) Uses open coding, selective coding, then axial coding
C) Adopts a deductive stance
D) Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached

Accepted Answer

Grounded theory coding stops when theoretical saturation is reached, meaning no new information is being discovered that adds to the theory.

Quiz 4: Part D: Analysis and Report Writing

Which of the following is incorrect when naming a variable in SPSS?

Which of the following is not an SPSS Type variable?

A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called:

The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:

The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:

To compare the performance of a group at time T1 and then at T2, we would use:

A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:

The significance level

To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based on the knowledge of one or more independent variables, we would use

In conducting secondary data analysis, researchers should ask themselves all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following are not true of reflexivity?

Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the following EXCEPT:

Qualitative data analysis programs are useful for each of the following EXCEPT:

Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and conducted?

Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice?

Plagiarism can be avoided by:

In preparing for a presentation, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:

You can create interest in your presentation by:

In preparing for a viva or similar oral examination, it is best if you have:

Grounded theory coding: