Question 1

What do positive punishment and negative punishment have in common?

Accepted Answer

Positive punishment involves the addition of an undesirable stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior, while negative punishment involves the removal of a desirable stimulus to achieve the same effect. Therefore, both types of punishment are designed to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

Question 2

A parent offers her child a toy every time he cleans his room.In this example,offering a toy represents which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Offering a toy is a form of positive reinforcement, as it is increasing the likelihood that the child will repeat the behavior of cleaning his room in order to receive the reward of a toy.

Question 3

____________ is defined as a response that occurs automatically in response to some stimulus,without learning taking place.

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response (UCR) is an automatic, natural response that occurs in response to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), without any learning taking place. For example, when a puff of air is blown into the eye, the reflexive closing of the eyelid is an unconditioned response that occurs automatically without any training or learning.

Question 4

A teacher rewards his students with a piece of candy every time they pass in their homework on time.The number of students who turn their homework on the due date increases.This illustrates what type of learning?

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of operant conditioning, where the behavior of turning in homework on time is being reinforced with a positive consequence (receiving candy). As a result, the behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future.

Question 5

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital.This drug increases the heart rate of the patient.After awhile,the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given.In this example,what is the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the small hospital room, as it is what is consistently present when the patient experiences an increase in heart rate. This room has become associated with the drug and the resulting increased heart rate, leading to a conditioned response.

Question 6

Which of the following has been found to influence the formation and development of attitudes?

Accepted Answer

All three types of learning (observational, operant, and classical) have been found to influence the formation and development of attitudes. Observational learning involves learning by watching others' attitudes and behaviors, operant conditioning involves reinforcement and punishment of certain attitudes and behaviors, and classical conditioning involves associations between stimuli and attitudes. Therefore, the best choice is D, as all three types of learning have been found to play a role in attitude formation and development.

Question 7

According to the name-letter effect Matthew Morrison will:

Accepted Answer

The name-letter effect suggests that people have a preference for the letters in their name, which means that Matthew Morrison may prefer the letter 'M' over other letters. Additionally, as his name is Matthew, he may also have a preference for that name. Therefore, the best choice is D, as it includes both preferences. There is no evidence to suggest that he would dislike his initials, so option C is not correct.

Question 8

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital.This drug increases the heart rate of the patient.After awhile,the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given.In this example,what is the unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response is the natural response that occurs without any conditioning. In this case, the natural response is the increase in heart rate, which occurs without the drug being given. Therefore, the correct answer is B, the increased heart rate. A, C, and D are not correct because they are either the conditioned stimulus or unrelated factors.

Question 9

Your parents are trying to reduce the number of times you skip your high school classes.They take away your phone privileges every time they find out you did not go to class.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior in order to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. In this case, taking away phone privileges (a desirable stimulus) after skipping class (the behavior) is intended to decrease the likelihood of skipping class in the future.

Question 10

Research shows that people with names like Tanya are more likely to live in Tampa and people with names like Sarah are more likely live in Sarasota.What can conclude from this research?

Accepted Answer

The research shows a correlation between people's names and the location they live in, suggesting that certain names might influence where individuals choose to live. This does not necessarily mean that there is a causal relationship between the two, however, it does imply that there might be some underlying factors that influence both. Therefore, option A is the best choice as it suggests that there might be a connection between initials and outcomes but does not imply a direct causality.

Question 11

Mere exposure does not increase liking in all cases.Which of the following has been identified as a time when mere exposure will likely not result in a more positive attitude?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mere exposure does not increase liking in...

Question 12

Tommy's mom wants him to clean his room more often.She decides she will not make him do the dishes if cleans his room.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (in this case, doing the dishes) to increase a desired behavior (cleaning the room).

Question 13

Spanking is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Spanking is a form of positive punishment, where an aversive stimulus (physical pain) is added in order to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (e.g. misbehavior).

Question 14

Operant conditioning occurs through the mechanisms of reinforcement and punishment.What is a major difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Accepted Answer

The major difference between reinforcement and punishment is that reinforcement involves increasing a behavior, while punishment involves decreasing a behavior. Reinforcement is used to strengthen or encourage desired behaviors, while punishment is used to discourage undesired behaviors.

Question 15

____________ is defined as a stimulus that elicits a response automatically,without learning taking place.

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning. For example, the smell of food causing salivation in a dog is an unconditioned response because the dog naturally and automatically salivates at the smell of food without any prior training or conditioning.

Question 16

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital.This drug increases the heart rate of the patient.After awhile,the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given.In this example,what is the conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the increased heart rate in response to the small hospital room. The patient has learned to associate the small hospital room with the administration of the drug, which increases their heart rate. Therefore, even before the drug is given, the patient's heart rate increases as a result of being in the room. This is an example of classical conditioning.

Question 17

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital.This drug increases the heart rate of the patient.After awhile,the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given.In this example,what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the drug because it naturally (without prior learning) causes the increase in heart rate.

Question 18

Operant conditioning was first discovered by:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Operant conditioning was first discovered by:
...

Question 19

Which method of learning involves rewarding desirable behavior and punishing undesirable behavior?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a method of learning that involves rewarding desirable behavior and punishing undesirable behavior. In this process, the individual learns to associate a behavior with a consequence, either positive (reinforcement) or negative (punishment), thus affecting the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future. Observational learning involves watching others and imitating their behavior, while classical conditioning involves linking a stimulus with a response. Explicit learning refers to intentional and conscious knowledge acquisition.

Question 20

Jane tries on a new pair of shoes and thinks that they look just 'ok'.Jane finds that after going back to the store and trying the shoes on again that she really likes the way they look on her.Jane's increased liking can be explained by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect suggests that the more we are exposed to something, the more we tend to like it. In this case, Jane's second exposure to the shoes may have increased her liking for them.

Quiz 6: Attitudes: Making Evaluations About the World