Question 1

When someone is measuring the consequence of a proposed influence, the consequence is called the ______.
A) dependent variable
B) constant
C) independent variable
D) direction of association

Accepted Answer

The consequence of a proposed influence in an experiment or study is referred to as the dependent variable because its outcome depends on the manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 2

A positive relationship was found between youth with low self-control and their criminal behavior. Self-control is considered the ______.
A) dependent variable
B) constant
C) independent variable
D) direction of association

Accepted Answer

Self-control is considered the independent variable because it is the factor being studied to see how it affects (or is related to) criminal behavior, which would be the dependent variable in this context.

Question 3

Once we formulate a research question and choose a theory, we start the process of moving from the general to the specific. This is called ______.
A) assessing feasability
B) inductive reasoning
C) scientific method
D) deductive reasoning

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning involves starting with a general theory or hypothesis and then moving towards more specific observations to test the theory. This process is characteristic of the transition from formulating a research question and choosing a theory to developing specific hypotheses or predictions to be tested empirically.

Question 4

Indicate which of the following examples does NOT represent inductive reasoning.
A) Specific data are used to develop a general explanation.
B) It starts at bottom of the research cycle.
C) Data is explored for patterns.
D) Data is created by theory to explain a pattern.

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning involves moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories, which means it starts with specific data or observations (A and C) and often is considered to start at the bottom of the research cycle (B). D is incorrect because it describes deductive reasoning, where a theory or hypothesis is used to generate data or predictions that can be tested.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hypotheses?
A) Theory can lead to hypotheses.
B) Hypotheses are basically the same as research questions.
C) Hypotheses can be tested.
D) Tests derived from hypotheses can be replicated.

Accepted Answer

Hypotheses and research questions serve different purposes in scientific inquiry. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study, whereas a research question is a broad question that guides the study and does not imply a specific outcome.

Question 6

Starting with a specific idea and moving to a more general one is an example of ______ reasoning.
A) deductive reasoning
B) assessing feasability
C) inductive reasoning
D) clarifying social importance

Accepted Answer

Starting with a specific idea and moving to a more general one is an example of inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves making broad generalizations from specific observations.

Question 7

. Deductive reasoning is mostly used in ______ research, whereas inductive reasoning is mostly used in ______ research.
A) quantitative; qualitative
B) qualitative; quantitative
C) exploratory; explanatory

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning is typically used in quantitative research where hypotheses are tested in a structured and objective manner. Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, is more common in qualitative research where patterns, themes, or theories are derived from the data collected.

Question 8

A graduate student conducted qualitative interviews with 30 people on their experience of illegal drug use. She learned about a factor related to illegal drug use that had not been considered in previous studies. As such, she developed a theory with this new information and created a quantitative survey to assess her new hypotheses. This is an example of which of the following?
A) forming hypotheses
B) the reserach circle
C) identifying a research question
D) direction of association

Accepted Answer

The graduate student's process exemplifies the research circle, where qualitative data from interviews led to the development of a new theory, which was then tested through a quantitative survey. This iterative process of moving from observation (qualitative interviews) to theory development and then to hypothesis testing (quantitative survey) reflects the cyclical nature of the research process.

Question 9

According to your text, research circle comprises of three main research strategies. Which of the following is NOT one of these strategies?
A) descriptive research
B) inductive research
C) deductive research
D) evaluative research

Accepted Answer

Descriptive, inductive, and deductive research are common strategies in research, while evaluative research is not typically categorized as one of the main research strategies.

Question 10

A researcher that found a correlation between alcohol and crime predicted that crime rates were affected by the number of bars in an area. Which of the following was most likely her hypothesis?
A) The more bars in an area, the higher the rate of crime.
B) The higher the crime rate, the more bars in an area.
C) The higher the crime rate, the higher percentage of people drinking alcohol.

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis likely posited a direct relationship where an increase in the number of bars (a potential source of alcohol consumption) leads to an increase in crime rates, reflecting a cause-and-effect prediction based on the observed correlation.

Question 11

______ is stressed by researchers who focus attention on the subjective dimension of the social world and refers to an understanding of a social process or social setting is one that reflects fairly the various perspectives of participants in that setting.
A) Authenticity
B) Measurement validity
C) Generalizability
D) Causal validity

Accepted Answer

Authenticity is the term that emphasizes the importance of reflecting the diverse perspectives of participants in a social setting or process, focusing on the subjective dimension of the social world. This concept is crucial for researchers who aim to understand and represent the experiences and viewpoints of all participants accurately.

Question 12

Whereas ______ generalizability refers to whether findings about one group hold for other groups, ______ generalizability refers to whether findings based on a subset of the population hold true for that population.
A) internal; external
B) cross-population; sample
C) sample; cross-population
D) internal; measurement

Accepted Answer

Cross-population generalizability is about whether findings for one group apply to other groups, while sample generalizability concerns whether findings from a sample can be applied to the entire population.

Question 13

A study conducted in Minneapolis found that those arrested for domestic violence did not respond the same way as those arrested for the same crime in different cities. As such, the findings were not considered ______.
A) internally valid
B) generalizable
C) reliable

Accepted Answer

The findings were not considered generalizable because they could not be applied broadly to other contexts or locations beyond the specific circumstances of the study in Minneapolis.

Question 14

Sometimes political pollsters may study a sample of likely voters and then generalize their findings to the entire population of likely voters. This is an example of ______ generalizability that social scientists try to avoid.
A) cross-population
B) sample
C) valid
D) external

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sometimes political pollsters may study a sample...

Question 15

If we seek to describe the frequency of domestic violence in families, we need to develop a valid procedure in defining what we intend to measure. This is an example of ______ validity.
A) measurement
B) external
C) internal
D) generalizable

Accepted Answer

Measurement validity refers to the accuracy with which a tool assesses what it is supposed to measure. In this case, developing a valid procedure to define and measure the frequency of domestic violence ensures the tool accurately reflects the concept of interest.

Question 16

We have reached the goal of ______ when our statements or conclusions about empirical reality are correct.
A) authenticity
B) generalizability
C) validity

Accepted Answer

Validity is achieved when conclusions or statements accurately reflect or correspond to the empirical reality, meaning they are correct or true in the context of the research or assessment being conducted.

Question 17

Researchers avoid coming up with conclusions that people will like or conclusions that suit their personal preferences. This refers to them establishing which of the following?
A) truth
B) validity
C) observations

Accepted Answer

Validity in research refers to the extent to which the findings accurately represent the concept or phenomena they are intended to. By avoiding conclusions that are biased by personal preferences or societal likings, researchers aim to ensure that their conclusions are valid and reflect the true nature of what is being studied, rather than being skewed by external factors.

Question 18

The goal of ______ is to reflect fairly the perspectives of participants in a setting that we study.
A) authenticity
B) reliability
C) validity
D) observations

Accepted Answer

Authenticity in research refers to the extent to which the research accurately reflects the perspectives, experiences, and voices of the participants involved in the study. It aims to present a truthful representation of their views and contexts.

Question 19

A research question is a question about some aspect of crime, criminals, or the criminal justice system, the answer to which is sought through collection and analysis of the firsthand, verifiable, empirical data.

Accepted Answer

A research question in the context of crime, criminals, or the criminal justice system is indeed formulated to guide the collection and analysis of firsthand, empirical data to understand specific aspects of these subjects.

Question 20

Refereed journals refer to a group of published papers based on newspaper or magazine articles that have been reviewed by researchers on their importance and relevance to social scientists.

Accepted Answer

Refereed journals, also known as peer-reviewed journals, consist of scholarly articles that have been reviewed by experts or peers in the field for their quality, accuracy, and contribution to the discipline, not based on newspaper or magazine articles.

Quiz 2: The Process and Problems of Research of Criminological Research

When someone is measuring the consequence of a proposed influence, the consequence is called the ______.

A positive relationship was found between youth with low self-control and their criminal behavior. Self-control is considered the ______.

Once we formulate a research question and choose a theory, we start the process of moving from the general to the specific. This is called ______.

Indicate which of the following examples does NOT represent inductive reasoning.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hypotheses?

Starting with a specific idea and moving to a more general one is an example of ______ reasoning.

. Deductive reasoning is mostly used in research, whereas inductive reasoning is mostly used in research.

According to your text, research circle comprises of three main research strategies. Which of the following is NOT one of these strategies?

A researcher that found a correlation between alcohol and crime predicted that crime rates were affected by the number of bars in an area. Which of the following was most likely her hypothesis?

______ is stressed by researchers who focus attention on the subjective dimension of the social world and refers to an understanding of a social process or social setting is one that reflects fairly the various perspectives of participants in that setting.

Whereas generalizability refers to whether findings about one group hold for other groups, generalizability refers to whether findings based on a subset of the population hold true for that population.

A study conducted in Minneapolis found that those arrested for domestic violence did not respond the same way as those arrested for the same crime in different cities. As such, the findings were not considered ______.

Sometimes political pollsters may study a sample of likely voters and then generalize their findings to the entire population of likely voters. This is an example of ______ generalizability that social scientists try to avoid.

If we seek to describe the frequency of domestic violence in families, we need to develop a valid procedure in defining what we intend to measure. This is an example of ______ validity.

We have reached the goal of ______ when our statements or conclusions about empirical reality are correct.

Researchers avoid coming up with conclusions that people will like or conclusions that suit their personal preferences. This refers to them establishing which of the following?

The goal of ______ is to reflect fairly the perspectives of participants in a setting that we study.

A research question is a question about some aspect of crime, criminals, or the criminal justice system, the answer to which is sought through collection and analysis of the firsthand, verifiable, empirical data.

Refereed journals refer to a group of published papers based on newspaper or magazine articles that have been reviewed by researchers on their importance and relevance to social scientists.