Question 1

Explain autocorrelation and why its presence is an issue for the use of parametric statistical analyses.

Accepted Answer

Suggested answer points:Autocorrelation refers to the tendency of observations to correlate with other observations (rather than being truly independent observations of the dependent variable). In single-subject research, one often expects to find trends in data which would indicate the presence of autocorrelation. A lag or time series analysis can definitively establish the presence or absence of autocorrelation. Its presence then precludes the use of parametric statistics because of the assumption that data points are independent of one another.

Question 2

Summarize and explain the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative analysis in single-subject research studies.

Accepted Answer

Suggested answer points:For qualitative research, personal interpretation of events is important. Researchers in single-subject research studies are familiar with the subjects as well as personally involved in the study. Qualitative approaches often necessitate the ability to change the direction or focus of data collection in mid-study, which may be needed in a single-subject study. Finally, the interpretation of the researcher is crucial to the success of a single-subject study. The major limitation of qualitative approaches to analysis is the time demand. In order to obtain enough data for a thorough qualitative analysis, the baseline and intervention phases may require extension, thus changing the real-world nature and application of the study. Finally, most special educators do not have the resources or training in qualitative methods to successfully carry out such a study.

Question 3

Mixed methods research would include _______________________.
A)quantitative methods
B)qualitative methods
C)cumulative methods
D)both quantitative and qualitative methods

Accepted Answer

Mixed methods research combines both quantitative and qualitative methods to gather and analyze both numerical data and in-depth perspectives on a research question.

Question 4

You should use visual analysis when:
A)the data are not graphically depicted.
B)the researcher wishes to make formative and summative analyses.
C)when continuous numerical data are not gathered.
D)All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Visual analysis is useful for making both formative and summative analyses, as it allows researchers to interpret trends and patterns in data effectively.

Question 5

A type __________ error is when the researcher infers there is a significant intervention effect when, in fact, there is not one.
A)I
B)II
C)effect
D)criterion

Accepted Answer

A Type I error occurs when the researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis, meaning they believe there is a significant effect or difference when there actually is not.

Question 6

Explain how change in level and trend from baseline to intervention phases are immediate indicators of a potentially successful intervention.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how change in level and trend...

Question 7

Changes in the direction of the data path between baseline and intervention phases are called ____________________.
A)directional changes
B)immediate changes in level
C)correlations
D)trend changes

Accepted Answer

Trend changes refer to changes in the direction of the data path between baseline and intervention phases. Choice A and B are not correct because they do not specifically refer to changes in direction. Choice C is also not correct because correlations do not necessarily refer to changes in direction.

Question 8

This parametric procedure is used to test for mean performance differences (typically across phases):
A)time series analysis.
B)Tukey's mean test.
C)t test or ANOVA.
D)None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

The t test or ANOVA are statistically appropriate procedures for testing mean differences between groups or phases. Time series analysis is typically used to assess patterns over time rather than mean differences. Tukey's mean test is a post-hoc test used after an ANOVA to determine which groups or phases are significantly different from each other in terms of their means.

Question 9

Visual analysis may be applied primarily to inspect changes ______________________.
A)within a phase or condition
B)across phases or conditions
C)within and across phases or conditions
D)None of these are correct

Accepted Answer

Visual analysis can be applied to inspect changes both within a phase or condition (to assess stability, trends, and variability) and across phases or conditions (to compare performance across different interventions or time periods).

Question 10

The primary advantage to visual analysis is that it:
A)is simple to use.
B)is sufficient for revealing strong intervention effects.
C)can include descriptive statistical analysis.
D)requires the researcher to look beyond the data to consider outliers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The primary advantage to visual analysis is...

Question 11

_____________ is determined by examining the direction of the data path.
A)Trend
B)Baseline
C)Level
D)Baseline phase

Accepted Answer

Trend refers to the direction of the data path, whether it is increasing, decreasing, or remaining stable over time. Baseline and level refer to different aspects of the data and are not determined solely by the direction of the data path. Baseline phase refers to the initial phase of a study, which may or may not be related to the direction of the data path. Therefore, the best choice is A) Trend.

Question 12

___________ occurs because the individual data collection observations in single subject research may not yield independent observations.
A)Autocorrelation
B)Trend
C)Randomization
D)Bias

Accepted Answer

Autocorrelation occurs when the data collection observations in single subject research are not independent and are influenced by the previous data points. This can lead to an overestimation of treatment effects and a false sense of statistical significance.

Question 13

Summarize and explain the advantages and disadvantages of visual analysis in single-subject research studies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Summarize and explain the advantages and disadvantages...

Question 14

Briefly explain why the use of mixed methods lends itself particularly well to single-subject research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly explain why the use of mixed...

Question 15

A disadvantage of qualitative analysis is that:
A)there is a large time demand.
B)statistically significant results do not translate into successful intervention effects.
C)it may not be as reliable as quantitative analysis.
D)two analysts are required to analyze the data.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative analysis often requires a large time investment due to the need for in-depth data collection and analysis, such as interviews and thematic coding.

Question 16

A disadvantage of visual analysis is that:
A)there is a large time demand.
B)statistically significant results do not translate into successful intervention effects.
C)it may not be as reliable as quantitative analysis.
D)two analysts are required to analyze the data.

Accepted Answer

Visual analysis is subjective and can vary depending on the analyst, making it less reliable than quantitative analysis which has a more objective approach.

Question 17

The performance of the target behavior and where along the y -axis the data points fall is called ______________________.
A)level of behavior
B)variability in performance
C)statistical analysis
D)None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

The level of behavior refers to the performance of the target behavior and where along the y-axis the data points fall, indicating the intensity or magnitude of the behavior being measured.

Question 18

Some limitations to statistical analysis include:
A)assumptions for use may be violated.
B)one may obtain a type I or type II error.
C)required knowledge and use of statistical computer packages.
D)All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

All three options mentioned in the question are correct limitations to statistical analysis. Assumptions for use may be violated, leading to inaccurate results; one may obtain a type I or type II error, which can lead to incorrect conclusions; and knowledge and use of statistical computer packages may be required, which can limit the accessibility of the analysis to those without the necessary resources.

Question 19

According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994), which is the first phase in the qualitative research process for a single-subject study?
A)Theoretical paradigms and perspectives are discovered and applied.
B)Research strategies are identified.
C)Methods of collection and analysis are identified.
D)The researcher places himself/herself in historical context.

Accepted Answer

The first phase in the qualitative research process involves the researcher placing themselves in historical context to understand the background and framework of the study.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an example of a qualitative analysis?
A)case studies
B)statistical review
C)introspection
D)observations

Accepted Answer

A qualitative analysis involves non-numerical data such as text, images, or video. Case studies, introspection, and observations are all examples of qualitative analysis as they involve subjective interpretation of data. Statistical review, on the other hand, involves numerical data and is an example of quantitative analysis.

Quiz 10: Methods for Analyzing Data

Explain autocorrelation and why its presence is an issue for the use of parametric statistical analyses.

Summarize and explain the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative analysis in single-subject research studies.

Mixed methods research would include _______________________.

You should use visual analysis when:

A type __________ error is when the researcher infers there is a significant intervention effect when, in fact, there is not one.

Explain how change in level and trend from baseline to intervention phases are immediate indicators of a potentially successful intervention.

Changes in the direction of the data path between baseline and intervention phases are called ____________________.

This parametric procedure is used to test for mean performance differences (typically across phases) :

Visual analysis may be applied primarily to inspect changes ______________________.

The primary advantage to visual analysis is that it:

_____________ is determined by examining the direction of the data path.

___________ occurs because the individual data collection observations in single subject research may not yield independent observations.

Summarize and explain the advantages and disadvantages of visual analysis in single-subject research studies.

Briefly explain why the use of mixed methods lends itself particularly well to single-subject research.

A disadvantage of qualitative analysis is that:

A disadvantage of visual analysis is that:

The performance of the target behavior and where along the y -axis the data points fall is called ______________________.

Some limitations to statistical analysis include:

According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994) , which is the first phase in the qualitative research process for a single-subject study?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a qualitative analysis?