Question 1

The element of equity involves all of the following EXCEPT an individual feeling:
A)that he/she is equal to others.
B)that he/she is being treated fairly and justly.
C)the same as others.
D)that interactions with others are nonbiased.

Accepted Answer

The element of equity is about everyone being treated the same, but it does not necessarily involve an individual feeling the same as others. It is possible for someone to feel different from others but still be treated equitably.

Question 2

When there is an unexpected occurrence of a target behavior that had been previously extinguished, it is called ________________.
A)spontaneous recovery
B)extinction
C)overcorrection
D)shaping

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the sudden reappearance of a behavior that had previously been extinguished. This can occur even in the absence of any reinforcement or other changes in environmental conditions. Option B, extinction, refers to the process of gradually reducing or eliminating the frequency of a behavior by removing the reinforcing consequences that had previously maintained it. Option C, overcorrection, involves the use of intensive corrective procedures to eliminate unwanted behaviors, such as requiring a child to repeatedly perform a more appropriate behavior after engaging in problem behavior. Option D, shaping, is a procedure in which successive approximations to a desired behavior are reinforced until the desired behavior is fully developed.

Question 3

Distinguish between DRO, DRI/DRA, and DRL.

Accepted Answer

Suggested answer points:DRO is used to reinforce for the absence of the target behavior for a specific period of time (e.g., 5 minutes); in fact, you reinforce all other behaviors except the target behavior.DRI/DRA is used to reinforce a specific appropriate replacement behavior for an inappropriate target behavior; the researcher ensures the individual receives reinforcement for the appropriate response and is redirected or otherwise intervened with when the inappropriate response occurs.DRL is typically used to reinforce an appropriate target behavior that occurs too frequently (e.g., getting a drink of water); it may also be used to gradually reduce an inappropriate behavior to either acceptable levels or to a zero rate (e.g., disrupting a group therapy session).

Question 4

Why are generalized reinforcers considered so useful in applied behavior analysis? Cite at least three reasons.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why are generalized reinforcers considered so useful...

Question 5

The element of certainty in a group involves:
A)how an individual perceives others.
B)a person feeling that he/she is in control of his/her life.
C)confidence in understanding how to behave and interact in situations.
D)knowing when you are correct and incorrect.

Accepted Answer

The element of certainty in a group involves a confidence in understanding how to behave and interact in situations. This demonstrates a level of assurance and understanding that contributes to group cohesion and successful outcomes. Option A refers to an individual's perception of others, which is not directly related to group certainty. Option B is specific to an individual's personal control and is not necessarily related to group dynamics. Option D refers to personal correctness and incorrectness, which may not apply to a group situation where a collaborative effort is needed.

Question 6

Arguments against the use of punishment include the rationale:
A)that the individual learns what not to do, rather than what to do.
B)that it may create a model of aggression and physical control to be emulated by the individual.
C)that it may inflict pain or hardship on the individual.
D)All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

All of these arguments are commonly cited as reasons to avoid using punishment as a behavior modification technique. Punishment may create a negative association with a behavior, but it does not necessarily teach an individual what they should be doing instead. Punishment may also model aggressive or controlling behavior, and can cause physical or emotional harm to the individual being punished. As a result, many behaviorists and therapists prefer to use positive reinforcement and other techniques that focus on rewarding desired behaviors rather than punishing unwanted ones.

Question 7

Compare and contrast the different levels of culture discussed by Hammond. Explain how recognition of them in others is important for teachers seeking to modify student behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the different levels of...

Question 8

In this chapter, the term satiation :
A)occurs when repeated exposure to a reinforcing consequence results in loss of the reinforcing quality.
B)is when the access to the stimulus is controlled.
C)is used to teach new behaviors.
D)is when the individual repeatedly performs more adaptive behaviors or performs an exaggerated adaptive response when the target behavior occurs.

Accepted Answer

Satiation refers to the phenomenon where repeated exposure to a reinforcing consequence results in a decrease in the reinforcing quality of that consequence. This means that the individual becomes less motivated to engage in the behavior because it is no longer as rewarding as it used to be. Option B is referring to stimulus control, which is a different behavior modification principle. Option C is referring to the use of shaping to teach new behaviors, which is also a different principle. Option D is referring to behaviors that are more adaptive replacing maladaptive behaviors, which is not the same as satiation.

Question 9

The element of standing in a group involves how an individual:
A)perceives his/her status.
B)values the input of others.
C)perceives others.
D)relates to others.

Accepted Answer

Standing in a group relates to an individual's perception of their status within the group.

Question 10

A reinforcement schedule that requires the individual to emit an average number of correct responses to obtain reinforcement is called a(n)________________.
A)fixed ratio schedule
B)interval schedule
C)response duration schedule
D)variable ratio schedule

Accepted Answer

A variable ratio schedule requires an average number of correct responses to obtain reinforcement, making it the best choice for the given question. A fixed ratio schedule specifies a set number of correct responses, an interval schedule involves time passing before reinforcement is possible, and a response duration schedule requires a specific length of time to pass before reinforcement can be obtained.

Question 11

What type of schedule is used to establish new behaviors and is not resistant to extinction (i.e., a continuance of the behavior is unlikely in the absence of reinforcement)?
A)fixed ratio schedule
B)interval schedule
C)continuous schedule
D)variable ratio schedule

Accepted Answer

A continuous schedule provides reinforcement for every occurrence of the desired behavior, which establishes the behavior quickly but is also not resistant to extinction. The other options (fixed ratio, interval, and variable ratio) all involve some level of variability in the reinforcement schedule and are more resistant to extinction.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of the Premack Principle?
A)"You can play outside but afterwards you definitely need to do your homework."
B)"If you don't go to school today, you need to go to school tomorrow."
C)"Practice the piano for 45 minutes and then you can go to the movies."
D)"When you get home, you're in big trouble!"

Accepted Answer

The Premack Principle is the idea that a high-frequency behavior can be used to reinforce a low-frequency behavior. In this scenario, practicing the piano (low-frequency behavior) is rewarded with going to the movies (high-frequency behavior).

Question 13

The element of connection involves:
A)having the ability to affect positive outcomes in a situation.
B)fear of being "expelled" from an important group.
C)how an individual values the input of others.
D)how one is related to others in the environment.

Accepted Answer

The element of connection involves how one is related to others in the environment, including the quality of those relationships, levels of trust, and the ability to effectively communicate and collaborate with others. It is not about affecting positive outcomes or having a fear of being expelled from a group, nor is it solely about valuing the input of others.

Question 14

In art class, Jackie spills paint on the floor and is required to clean up her mess. What type of overcorrection method is this?
A)restitutional overcorrection
B)simple restitution
C)positive practice overcorrection
D)response interruption

Accepted Answer

The answer of In art class, Jackie spills paint on...

Question 15

When walking into a room, Jacob repeatedly slams the door each time. After talking to Jacob about his behavior, Mrs. Fergy requires Jacob to repeatedly practice closing the door quietly each time he slams the door. What type of method did Mrs. Fergy use to decrease Jacob's behavior of slamming the door?
A)response interruption
B)restitutional overcorrection
C)positive practice overcorrection
D)simple restitution

Accepted Answer

Positive practice overcorrection involves repeatedly practicing a correct behavior in response to an incorrect behavior. In this case, Jacob is repeatedly practicing closing the door quietly in response to his previous behavior of slamming the door.

Question 16

What term describes the delivery of a potential reward before a behavior occurs, in the hope that the behavior will be performed?
A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)bribery
D)positive punishment

Accepted Answer

Bribery involves offering something desirable to someone before they perform a requested action or behavior, with the intention of influencing their actions. Unlike reinforcement or punishment, which are concepts from behaviorism that occur after a behavior, bribery is a preemptive action.

Question 17

Negative reinforcement is a commonly misunderstood concept. Explain how negative reinforcement works using the A-B-C paradigm of applied behavior analysis, and how negative reinforcement influences future rate of occurrence of the target behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Negative reinforcement is a commonly misunderstood concept....

Question 18

Consider the methods to eliminate behavior discussed in this chapter. Identify one method that you have witnessed implemented successfully by a teacher, and another method you feel was implemented unsuccessfully. Evaluate the teachers' implementation of these strategies and offer constructive feedback.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the methods to eliminate behavior discussed...

Question 19

According to Hammond, which of the following is NOT one of the levels of culture that affect how we learn and act?
A)surface culture
B)standard culture
C)shallow culture
D)deep culture

Accepted Answer

Hammond only mentions surface culture, shallow culture, and deep culture as levels of culture that affect how we learn and act. Standard culture is not mentioned.

Question 20

After vandalizing the school by writing on the walls, Serena was required to restore not only the areas of walls that she wrote on, but other areas of the wall as well. What type of method was used to decrease Serena's behavior?
A)response interruption
B)restitutional overcorrection
C)positive practice overcorrection
D)simple restitution

Accepted Answer

Restitutional overcorrection involves correcting not only the damage caused by the behavior, but also an additional amount of effort to restore the environment to a better condition than it was before the behavior. This approach helps the individual understand the impact of their behavior and encourages them to take responsibility for their actions.

Quiz 2: Methods for Changing Target Behaviors

The element of equity involves all of the following EXCEPT an individual feeling:

When there is an unexpected occurrence of a target behavior that had been previously extinguished, it is called ________________.

Distinguish between DRO, DRI/DRA, and DRL.

Why are generalized reinforcers considered so useful in applied behavior analysis? Cite at least three reasons.

The element of certainty in a group involves:

Arguments against the use of punishment include the rationale:

Compare and contrast the different levels of culture discussed by Hammond. Explain how recognition of them in others is important for teachers seeking to modify student behaviors.

In this chapter, the term satiation :

The element of standing in a group involves how an individual:

A reinforcement schedule that requires the individual to emit an average number of correct responses to obtain reinforcement is called a(n) ________________.

What type of schedule is used to establish new behaviors and is not resistant to extinction (i.e., a continuance of the behavior is unlikely in the absence of reinforcement) ?

Which of the following is an example of the Premack Principle?

The element of connection involves:

In art class, Jackie spills paint on the floor and is required to clean up her mess. What type of overcorrection method is this?

What term describes the delivery of a potential reward before a behavior occurs, in the hope that the behavior will be performed?

Negative reinforcement is a commonly misunderstood concept. Explain how negative reinforcement works using the A-B-C paradigm of applied behavior analysis, and how negative reinforcement influences future rate of occurrence of the target behavior.

According to Hammond, which of the following is NOT one of the levels of culture that affect how we learn and act?

After vandalizing the school by writing on the walls, Serena was required to restore not only the areas of walls that she wrote on, but other areas of the wall as well. What type of method was used to decrease Serena's behavior?