Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M. ,who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
A)The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs.
B)Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms.
C)Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other.
D)LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

The case of H.M. demonstrated that damage to the hippocampus affected the ability to form new long-term memories, indicating that the hippocampus is necessary for this process. Therefore, option D is not a correct conclusion.

Question 2

When investigating the serial position curve,delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
A)has no effect on the curve.
B)increases the primacy effect.
C)decreases the recency effect.
D)increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

Accepted Answer

Delaying the memory test for 30 seconds decreases the recency effect, but has no effect on the primacy effect. This is because after a delay, the information from the end of the list is no longer fresh in the memory, and therefore, it is less likely to be recalled. However, the information from the beginning of the list has already been transferred to long-term memory and is more likely to be recalled regardless of the delay.

Question 3

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim)is a double dissociation demonstrated?
A)Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
B)Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory.
C)Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory,while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
D)Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

Accepted Answer

A double dissociation is demonstrated when two individuals exhibit opposite deficits in two different cognitive functions. In this case, Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory, indicating a double dissociation between the two types of memory functions. Options A, B, and D do not exhibit a double dissociation because both individuals exhibit the same deficits in memory functions.

Question 4

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably
A)represent different aspects of the same mechanism.
B)are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other.
C)both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism.
D)are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Accepted Answer

Neuropsychological evidence suggests that short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) are supported by different mechanisms that operate independently, as demonstrated by cases of brain damage affecting one type of memory but not the other.

Question 5

Regarding free recall of a list of items,which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place?
A)Inserting a 30-second delay before recall
B)Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace
C)Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
D)Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)

Accepted Answer

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall will disrupt rehearsal of the recent items, preventing them from being transferred to long-term memory and causing the recency effect to disappear. Delaying recall or presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace may also decrease the primacy effect by interfering with the encoding of the early items, but they are less likely to affect the recency effect. Using a very long list may also reduce the recency effect, but it is not a reliable method because it may overload working memory and cause confusion. Therefore, the best choice is C, counting backward for 30 seconds before recall.

Question 6

memories are those that we are not aware of.
A)Implicit
B)Explicit
C)Declarative
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Implicit memories are those that are not consciously aware of and are often related to skills or habits. Explicit memories, on the other hand, are those that are consciously aware of and can be easily verbalized or declared. Declarative memory is a type of explicit memory that involves the recall of specific events, facts, and knowledge.

Question 7

The primacy effect is attributed to
A)recall of information stored in LTM.
B)a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.
C)recall of information still active in STM.
D)forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect is the tendency to better recall items presented at the beginning of a list, which is believed to be due to their effective encoding and storage in long-term memory (LTM).

Question 8

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes.You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test,and your performance is noticeably better.
You are experiencing
A)the self-reference effect.
B)retroactive inhibition.
C)release from proactive interference.
D)disinhibition.

Accepted Answer

Release from proactive interference occurs when a change in the type of information being learned reduces the interference from previously learned material, leading to improved performance. In this scenario, switching from French vocabulary to biology terms reduces the interference from the French words, enhancing performance.

Question 9

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time.His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him.At the first group,Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names.The same thing happens with a second group and a third group.At the fourth group,Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant.A little while later,Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group,though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant).Lamar's experience demonstrates
A)The phonological similarity effect
B)A build-up and release of proactive interference
C)The cocktail party phenomenon
D)A partial-report procedure

Accepted Answer

Lamar's experience demonstrates proactive interference, where earlier learned information (names from the first group) interferes with the recall of later information (names from subsequent groups). However, the distinctiveness of the accountant's profession helped release this interference, allowing him to remember her profession.

Question 10

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M.who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures.H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
A)LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired.
B)impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM)necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.
C)a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM.
D)STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

Accepted Answer

H.M.'s case showed that while his short-term memory (STM) was intact, his long-term memory (LTM) was severely impaired, indicating that STM can function normally even when LTM is compromised.

Question 11

This multiple choice question is an example of atest.
A)recall
B)recognition
C)word-completion
D)personal semantic memory

Accepted Answer

The question is asking for the selection of an option from a list of alternatives, which is a characteristic of recognition memory. Recall is the process of retrieving information without any cues or prompts, word-completion involves filling in missing letters or words in a sentence, and personal semantic memory refers to the memory of personal facts and experiences. None of these options fully capture the nature of the question, making B the best choice.

Question 12

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for
Of a list.
A)the first words
B)the middle words
C)the last words
D)both the first and last words

Accepted Answer

Murdoch's experiment demonstrated the serial position effect, where people tend to remember the first words (primacy effect) and the last words (recency effect) of a list better than the middle words.

Question 13

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment)is associated withmemory.
A)long-term
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)implicit

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the phenomenon where items presented at the beginning of a list are more likely to be remembered than those presented in the middle or at the end. This effect is associated with long-term memory, as it reflects the ability to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Question 14

A study participant is given a list of words to remember.One week later,he recalls the list.Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR.Which of the following,none of which actually appeared on the list,would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?
A)REAR
B)PAIR
C)APPLE
D)BEAR

Accepted Answer

The answer of A study participant is given a list...

Question 15

The dramatic case of patient H.M.clearly illustrates thatis crucial for the formation of LTMs.
A)the hippocampus
B)synaptic consolidation
C)vitamin B1
D)deep processing

Accepted Answer

Patient H.M. suffered from severe amnesia following the surgical removal of portions of his temporal lobes, including the hippocampus. This case study demonstrated the importance of the hippocampus in the formation of long-term memories.

Question 16

Wickens et al.'s "fruit,meat,and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because
A)the stimulus category changed.
B)the stimulus category remained the same.
C)the response task changed.
D)the response task remained the same.

Accepted Answer

The experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because the stimulus category (fruit) remained the same, thus causing proactive interference.

Question 17

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response,"Hi,Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line.Carrie responds back with "Hi,Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi,Carrie" using an
A)auditory code in short-term memory.
B)auditory code in long-term memory.
C)iconic code in short-term memory.
D)iconic code in long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A...

Question 18

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words.One way to get rid of the recency effect is to
A)have participants say "la,la,la" while studying the list.
B)present the list more slowly.
C)have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
D)have participants see the words on a screen,rather than hear them.

Accepted Answer

Counting backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list is a form of interference that disrupts the participant's ability to rehearse the items in short-term memory. This reduces the likelihood of the list items being held in the participant's short-term memory and later retrieved during the recall task, effectively eliminating the recency effect. The other options (A, B, and D) do not directly address the recency effect.

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?
A)I just sat down.
B)I was talking to that girl just before class.
C)I was talking to that boy three months ago.
D)I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following would most likely...

Question 20

The predominant type of coding in LTM is
A)phonological.
B)concrete.
C)semantic.
D)visual.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the predominant type of coding in LTM is semantic, meaning the memory is stored and retrieved based on its meaning and relationship to other pieces of knowledge, rather than its concrete features (visual or phonological). Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Quiz 6: Long term Memory: Structure

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M. ,who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

When investigating the serial position curve,delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably

Regarding free recall of a list of items,which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place?

memories are those that we are not aware of.

The primacy effect is attributed to

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes.You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test,and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M.who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures.H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

This multiple choice question is an example of atest.

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for Of a list.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated withmemory.

A study participant is given a list of words to remember.One week later,he recalls the list.Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR.Which of the following,none of which actually appeared on the list,would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

The dramatic case of patient H.M.clearly illustrates thatis crucial for the formation of LTMs.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit,meat,and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response,"Hi,Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line.Carrie responds back with "Hi,Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi,Carrie" using an

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words.One way to get rid of the recency effect is to

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?

The predominant type of coding in LTM is