Question 1

Information returned to a person about the effects of a particular response is called
A)cognitive branching.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)primary reinforcement.
D)feedback.

Accepted Answer

Feedback is the information returned to a person about the effects of their responses, allowing them to adjust their actions accordingly.

Question 2

A college professor who gives daily quizzes, grades them immediately, and returns them with the errors and corrected answers shown is
A)using increased feedback.
B)using the CAI technique.
C)applying instructional games.
D)employing the two-factor theory of learning.

Accepted Answer

The professor is using increased feedback by grading quizzes immediately and returning them with errors and corrected answers shown, which helps students learn from their mistakes and understand the material better.

Question 3

It has been found that in humans, latent learning often occurs because of
A)indirect reinforcement.
B)immediate gratification.
C)operant conditioning.
D)the anticipation of future reward.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning occurs without immediate reinforcement or gratification, but it manifests when there is an incentive or a future reward. This type of learning is not directly observable until a reward is introduced, indicating that the anticipation of a future reward can drive latent learning.

Question 4

Learning your way through the various levels of a video game requires that you develop which of the following regarding this video game?
A)a cognitive map
B)a behavioral contract
C)automatic adaptation
D)projective assessment

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation of one's physical environment, including the layout of a video game, which players develop as they learn and navigate through the game's levels.

Question 5

Professional football players watch hours of videos of their game performance analyzed by their coaches. This is an example of the use of which of the following to improve performance?
A)informational feedback
B)mental imagery
C)reward progression
D)vicarious punishment

Accepted Answer

Informational feedback involves providing performers with information about their performance to improve future performance. Watching and analyzing game videos gives players specific insights into their actions, outcomes, and areas for improvement, fitting the definition of informational feedback.

Question 6

Knowledge of results (KR)is also known as
A)informational feedback.
B)partial reinforcement.
C)response cost management.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Knowledge of Results (KR) is a type of feedback that provides information about the outcome of an action, which is why it is also known as informational feedback.

Question 7

Internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze, city, campus, etc.)that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal is a(n)
A)cognitive map.
B)cognitive antecedent.
C)eidetic image.
D)non-operant response.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation of spatial relationships or layout, which allows for navigation and understanding of an environment, fitting the description given.

Question 8

Feedback is the key component of
A)associative learning.
B)respondent conditioning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Feedback is the key component of
A)associative learning.
B)respondent...

Question 9

A key element underlying cognitive learning is
A)feedback.
B)reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)respondent conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Feedback is a key element in cognitive learning as it helps learners understand their progress and areas for improvement, facilitating deeper understanding and retention of information.

Question 10

"After visiting Chattanooga, Tennessee last summer, I can imagine the layout of the city in my mind." This is an example of
A)imprinting.
B)a cognitive map.
C)automatic adaptation.
D)stimulus control.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a cognitive map, which refers to a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. After visiting Chattanooga, the person has formed a mental image or map of the city's layout.

Question 11

Even though you do not plan to be a teacher, you make mental notes of the way your teacher handles the class or explains a certain topic because it might come in handy one day. These mental notes you are making illustrate
A)instrumental learning.
B)latent learning.
C)covert conditioning.
D)respondent conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to knowledge that is acquired without any immediate intention to use it, which becomes apparent when a situation calls for it. In this scenario, making mental notes of teaching methods without the immediate intention to teach illustrates latent learning, as this knowledge might be applied in the future when it becomes relevant.

Question 12

Your midterm exam score is an example of
A)primary reinforcement.
B)discriminative learning.
C)cue learning.
D)feedback.

Accepted Answer

Your midterm exam score serves as feedback, informing you about your performance and understanding of the material covered in the course. It is not a primary reinforcement, discriminative learning, or cue learning, as those terms refer to specific processes in learning theory that do not directly apply to the context of receiving a score or grade.

Question 13

Elizabeth no longer has a difficult time finding her way around the new mall because after several visits she has developed which of the following to help her navigate the mall?
A)a cognitive map
B)a behavioral contract
C)adaptive processing
D)projective assessment

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation of one's physical environment, which helps in navigating through spaces such as a new mall. Elizabeth has developed a cognitive map of the mall through her repeated visits, enabling her to find her way around more easily.

Question 14

If you give an attractive classmate a ride home, you may make mental notes about how to get to his or her house, even if a date is only a remote future possibility. This illustrates
A)classical conditioning.
B)shaping.
C)latent learning.
D)discovery learning.

Accepted Answer

This illustrates latent learning, which occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned. In this scenario, you're learning the route to your classmate's house without any immediate reward or reinforcement, but with the potential for future use.

Question 15

Regarding latent learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Just satisfying curiosity can be enough to reward latent learning.
B)Latent learning remains hidden until reinforcement is provided.
C)Latent learning is directly associated with respondent conditioning.
D)In humans, latent learning is related to higher-level abilities, such as anticipating future reward.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning is more closely associated with cognitive learning theories rather than respondent conditioning, which involves automatic responses to stimuli. Latent learning refers to knowledge that only becomes evident when a situation calls for it, without the need for explicit reinforcement at the time of learning.

Question 16

The fact that rats running a maze will go directly to a food goal box instead of a previously learned longer route indicates that rats
A)learn a series of responses only.
B)learn what turns to take in a maze to get to a reward.
C)are smarter than monkeys when it comes to finding food.
D)learn the location of the reward.

Accepted Answer

This behavior suggests that rats learn the location of the reward rather than just memorizing a series of turns or responses. They demonstrate an understanding of the goal's location and can adapt their route to reach it more directly when possible.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
A)knowing where the emergency exits are in a theater even though you have never used them
B)becoming emotional in the presence of bees after you receive a bee sting
C)Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell
D)a person in an institution being rewarded for exhibiting healthy behavior with tokens

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to knowledge that is acquired without any immediate expression of that knowledge until a situation calls for it. Knowing the locations of emergency exits without having used them is an example of acquiring knowledge passively, which becomes apparent when the need arises, fitting the definition of latent learning.

Question 18

You have a mental picture of how your city is organized so that you can easily take an alternate route if there is a traffic jam. Psychologists call this a(n)
A)intuitive map.
B)cognitive map.
C)latent map.
D)discovery map.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation of one's physical environment, enabling individuals to navigate and understand spatial relationships.

Question 19

Every time a video game player moves, the game instantly provides sounds, animated actions, and a higher or lower score. This situation illustrates the use of
A)primary reinforcers.
B)feedback.
C)training trials.
D)motivational skill-building.

Accepted Answer

Feedback is the correct answer because it refers to the immediate information provided to the user about their actions or performance, which is exactly what happens in the video game scenario described.

Question 20

Much human learning, such as using a computer or playing a musical instrument, occurs in the absence of obvious reinforcers, such as food or water, because of the adaptive value of
A)primary reinforcers.
B)conditioned stimuli.
C)positive reinforcers.
D)feedback.

Accepted Answer

Feedback is crucial in learning processes like using a computer or playing a musical instrument, even when primary reinforcers like food or water are not present. It helps individuals understand their progress and areas for improvement, facilitating adaptive learning.

Quiz 6: Conditioning and Learning

Information returned to a person about the effects of a particular response is called

A college professor who gives daily quizzes, grades them immediately, and returns them with the errors and corrected answers shown is

It has been found that in humans, latent learning often occurs because of

Learning your way through the various levels of a video game requires that you develop which of the following regarding this video game?

Professional football players watch hours of videos of their game performance analyzed by their coaches. This is an example of the use of which of the following to improve performance?

Knowledge of results (KR) is also known as

Internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze, city, campus, etc.) that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal is a(n)

Feedback is the key component of

A key element underlying cognitive learning is

"After visiting Chattanooga, Tennessee last summer, I can imagine the layout of the city in my mind." This is an example of

Even though you do not plan to be a teacher, you make mental notes of the way your teacher handles the class or explains a certain topic because it might come in handy one day. These mental notes you are making illustrate

Your midterm exam score is an example of

Elizabeth no longer has a difficult time finding her way around the new mall because after several visits she has developed which of the following to help her navigate the mall?

If you give an attractive classmate a ride home, you may make mental notes about how to get to his or her house, even if a date is only a remote future possibility. This illustrates

Regarding latent learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The fact that rats running a maze will go directly to a food goal box instead of a previously learned longer route indicates that rats

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

You have a mental picture of how your city is organized so that you can easily take an alternate route if there is a traffic jam. Psychologists call this a(n)

Every time a video game player moves, the game instantly provides sounds, animated actions, and a higher or lower score. This situation illustrates the use of

Much human learning, such as using a computer or playing a musical instrument, occurs in the absence of obvious reinforcers, such as food or water, because of the adaptive value of