Question 1

Continuous reinforcement means that the person will be reinforced
A)for every correct or incorrect response.
B)for every correct response.
C)every day that the schedule is being used.
D)continually until the person satiates.

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement involves providing a reward for every correct response, which is a method used in the initial stages of learning to establish a strong association between the behavior and the reinforcement.

Question 2

Using poker chips that could be exchanged for various privileges to reinforce mentally ill patients for healthy and productive behaviors would be an example of using which of the following to facilitate learning?
A)negative reinforcement
B)classical conditioning
C)extinction
D)tokens

Accepted Answer

Using poker chips that can be exchanged for various privileges as a reinforcement method is an example of a token economy. In this system, tokens are given as a reward for desired behaviors. These tokens can later be exchanged for something of value to the recipient, acting as a form of positive reinforcement.

Question 3

Which schedule of reinforcement would be most useful when a person or animal is initially learning new responses?
A)fixed ratio
B)fixed interval
C)intermittent
D)continuous

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement is most effective during the initial stages of learning because it provides a reward for every correct response, which helps to quickly establish the association between the behavior and the reward.

Question 4

In a behavior modification program at the local school, children were given "good behavior" slips that could be exchanged for candy or toys at the end of the week. Which of the following would be a FALSE statement regarding this type of reinforcement?
A)The "good behavior" slips would be considered token reinforcers.
B)The "good behavior" slips would be considered secondary reinforcers.
C)The "good behavior" slips will lose their reinforcing value more quickly than primary reinforcers.
D)The students can exchange their "good behavior" slips at the end of the week for primary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

The "good behavior" slips are examples of token or secondary reinforcers, which do not inherently satisfy a basic biological need but can be exchanged for primary reinforcers, such as food or toys. They do not necessarily lose their reinforcing value more quickly than primary reinforcers; this depends on how they are used within the reinforcement program.

Question 5

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to lose its effectiveness as a reinforcer for a child learning to do household chores?
A)chocolate-chip cookies
B)black cherry ice cream
C)gold stars on a chart
D)an afternoon nap

Accepted Answer

Gold stars on a chart are least likely to lose their effectiveness because they can be used as a consistent, non-consumable reward. Unlike food items or naps, their appeal does not diminish with satiation or specific circumstances.

Question 6

The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well. If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework. The stickers in this example could also be called
A)token reinforcers.
B)primary reinforcers.
C)bribes.
D)prepotent responses.

Accepted Answer

Token reinforcers are symbols or objects given as a reward, which can later be exchanged for something of value, similar to the stickers being used as a reward system in this scenario.

Question 7

Social reinforcers consist of
A)primary and secondary reinforcers.
B)knowledge and ability.
C)the learned desires for attention and approval.
D)positive environment stimuli and a lack of punishment.

Accepted Answer

Social reinforcers specifically refer to the learned desires for attention and approval from others, which motivate behavior.

Question 8

Schedules of reinforcement are defined as the
A)types of reinforcers used, whether primary or secondary.
B)effects of reinforcers used, whether positive or negative.
C)plans for determining which responses will be reinforced.
D)informational feedback provided by the reinforcers used.

Accepted Answer

Schedules of reinforcement refer to the specific rules or plans that are put in place to determine when a behavior will be reinforced. This can include various patterns such as fixed or variable intervals or ratios, but the key aspect is that it's about the timing and conditions under which responses will be reinforced, not the type or effect of the reinforcer itself.

Question 9

Which of the following are tangible secondary reinforcers, such as money, gold stars, and poker chips that can be exchanged for food, lodgings, and other necessities?
A)token reinforcers
B)social reinforcers
C)unconditioned reinforcers
D)negative reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Token reinforcers are tangible items like money, gold stars, and poker chips that can be exchanged for primary reinforcers such as food and lodging. These tokens act as a form of secondary reinforcement in behavior modification programs.

Question 10

Which of the following reinforcers are used to provide immediate incentives for learning and to avoid the problem of satiation?
A)tokens
B)candy
C)conditional reinforcers
D)primary reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Tokens are used as a form of secondary or conditioned reinforcement. They can be exchanged for other reinforcers and are effective in providing immediate incentives without leading to satiation, as they can be varied in what they can be exchanged for.

Question 11

When children engage in negative attention-seeking, they are demonstrating the power of
A)stimulus generalization.
B)social reinforcers.
C)response costs.
D)primary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Social reinforcers are powerful because they involve reactions and responses from others, which can encourage children to continue seeking attention through negative behaviors.

Question 12

Connie's children earn gold stars during the week for good behavior and completing their chores. If they earn enough gold stars, they are allowed on Sunday to choose one item out of a "grab bag" of small prizes. Connie is using which of the following with her children?
A)primary reinforcers
B)token reinforcers
C)bribes
D)response costs

Accepted Answer

Token reinforcers are used in this scenario because the gold stars act as tokens that the children can exchange for a reward (a prize from the grab bag) once they accumulate enough. This is a classic example of a token economy, where tokens are earned for specific behaviors and later exchanged for desired items or privileges.

Question 13

You may be unaware of some of the reinforcers that are changing your own behavior. In fact, such automatic associative learning is a hallmark of __________ processing.
A)acquisitional
B)elaborative
C)experiential
D)functional

Accepted Answer

Experiential processing is characterized by learning through direct experiences, often without conscious awareness, which includes automatic associative learning as a key feature. This type of learning involves the formation of associations between stimuli and responses, occurring naturally as one interacts with their environment.

Question 14

In Mrs. Gupta's elementary classroom, she gives happy face stickers to students for being attentive, turning in their homework on time, making good grades, and other productive classroom behaviors. At the end of the week, the students can exchange these stickers for a special treat or small toy. Mrs. Gupta is using
A)a time-out system.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)a token economy.
D)a primary reinforcement schedule.

Accepted Answer

Mrs. Gupta is using a token economy, where students earn tokens (in this case, happy face stickers) for exhibiting desired behaviors, which they can later exchange for a reward. This approach is a form of behavior modification that reinforces positive behavior.

Question 15

A type of reinforcer in which the reward is attention or approval from others is called a __________ reinforcer.
A)primary
B)social
C)token
D)cognitive

Accepted Answer

Social reinforcers involve gaining attention, approval, or affection from others, which distinguishes them from primary reinforcers (like food or water), token reinforcers (exchangeable for goods or privileges), and cognitive reinforcers (related to personal satisfaction or understanding).

Question 16

In the textbook example entitled "Shaping a Teacher," psychology students would look interested in the teacher's lecture when she was standing on the right side of the room, and they would look bored when she was standing on the left side. The students were shaping the teacher's behavior using __________reinforcers.
A)social
B)primary
C)token
D)cognitive

Accepted Answer

Social reinforcers involve positive reinforcement through social interactions, such as approval, attention, or praise. In this example, the students' interested or bored expressions serve as social feedback to shape the teacher's behavior, encouraging her to stand on the right side of the room where she receives more positive social reinforcement.

Question 17

The reinforcer follows every correct response in which reinforcement schedule?
A)intermittent
B)partial
C)comprehensive
D)continuous

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement schedules involve delivering a reward after every correct response, making it the most straightforward form of reinforcement for establishing new behaviors.

Question 18

By a continuous reinforcement schedule, we mean that
A)reinforcements occur continuously regardless of the subject's behavior.
B)responding without pausing is the requirement for reinforcement.
C)each correct response is reinforced.
D)reinforcement continues even when errors are made.

Accepted Answer

A continuous reinforcement schedule means that every correct response made by the subject is reinforced, ensuring consistent and immediate feedback for the desired behavior.

Question 19

Which of the following is a system for managing and altering behavior through the immediate reinforcement of selected responses with poker chips or slips of paper that can be exchanged for food and\or special privileges?
A)a time-out system
B)a token economy
C)systematic desensitization
D)an EMDR program

Accepted Answer

A token economy is a behavior modification system that utilizes tokens or symbols that can be exchanged for desired rewards or privileges as immediate reinforcement for desired behaviors.

Question 20

Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced are known as
A)schedules of reinforcement.
B)successive approximations.
C)token economies.
D)programmed instruction.

Accepted Answer

Schedules of reinforcement are specific plans that detail how and when behaviors will be reinforced, guiding the application of reinforcement in operant conditioning to shape or maintain desired behaviors.

Quiz 6: Conditioning and Learning

Continuous reinforcement means that the person will be reinforced

Using poker chips that could be exchanged for various privileges to reinforce mentally ill patients for healthy and productive behaviors would be an example of using which of the following to facilitate learning?

Which schedule of reinforcement would be most useful when a person or animal is initially learning new responses?

In a behavior modification program at the local school, children were given "good behavior" slips that could be exchanged for candy or toys at the end of the week. Which of the following would be a FALSE statement regarding this type of reinforcement?

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to lose its effectiveness as a reinforcer for a child learning to do household chores?

The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well. If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework. The stickers in this example could also be called

Social reinforcers consist of

Schedules of reinforcement are defined as the

Which of the following are tangible secondary reinforcers, such as money, gold stars, and poker chips that can be exchanged for food, lodgings, and other necessities?

Which of the following reinforcers are used to provide immediate incentives for learning and to avoid the problem of satiation?

When children engage in negative attention-seeking, they are demonstrating the power of

Connie's children earn gold stars during the week for good behavior and completing their chores. If they earn enough gold stars, they are allowed on Sunday to choose one item out of a "grab bag" of small prizes. Connie is using which of the following with her children?

You may be unaware of some of the reinforcers that are changing your own behavior. In fact, such automatic associative learning is a hallmark of __________ processing.

A type of reinforcer in which the reward is attention or approval from others is called a __________ reinforcer.

The reinforcer follows every correct response in which reinforcement schedule?

By a continuous reinforcement schedule, we mean that

Which of the following is a system for managing and altering behavior through the immediate reinforcement of selected responses with poker chips or slips of paper that can be exchanged for food and\or special privileges?

Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced are known as