Question 1

Which is the BEST example of overregularization?

Accepted Answer

Overregularization refers to the application of regular grammatical rules to irregular words or verbs. "Runned" is the best example of overregularization as it is an attempt to apply the regular past tense "-ed" rule to the irregular past tense of "run." Choices A, B, and C, are not examples of overregularization, but rather common linguistic errors or variations in dialect.

Question 2

Grammatical ________ are words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatically correct.

Accepted Answer

Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language, and some morphemes function as grammatical markers that help to indicate the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence. These markers, such as inflectional endings or articles, can be essential for making a sentence grammatically correct. Phonemes are individual speech sounds, telegraphs are devices used for long-distance communication, and schemes refer to plans or strategies.

Question 3

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding bilingual children?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that bilingual children have a larger overall vocabulary than monolingual children. Bilingual children also have a similar vocabulary size in each language they speak, rather than having one language with a larger vocabulary than the other. Additionally, bilingualism has been linked to cognitive benefits such as enhanced problem-solving abilities and better executive function. Bilingual children do not necessarily get confused about which language they are speaking and this confusion does not necessarily follow into adolescence.

Question 4

Why might you consider the appearance of overregularization a good thing in the process of a child's language development?

Accepted Answer

Overregularization indicates that the child is starting to apply learned rules of language to new contexts, which is important for language development. It also suggests that the child is paying attention to and accepting the rules of language.

Question 5

Grice (1975) has identified three elements of effective oral communication. They include all but which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Grice's elements of effective communication focus on clarity from the speaker's perspective, not the listener's.

Question 6

Young children draw conclusions about the meanings of words based on a few basic rules. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Accepted Answer

This statement is actually a main rule in how children learn the meaning of words, rather than a rule that they do not follow. Children understand that a name refers to only a specific object, and not all objects of the same type.

Question 7

________ style is to the primary use of objects, persons, or actions as ________ style is to the use of names as well as social phrases.

Accepted Answer

The referential style is characterized by the primary use of objects, persons, or actions to convey meaning, while the expressive style involves the use of names and social phrases to convey meaning. Therefore, choice C is the best option. The other options are not relevant to the given definition.

Question 8

Toddlers' first conversations tend to be about

Accepted Answer

Toddlers' first conversations tend to revolve around themselves as they are still developing their ability to understand and communicate with others. They are exploring the world and their own experiences, so naturally they are more interested in discussing themselves and their own activities.

Question 9

If a child believes that the name "cat" refers only to her own family's cat and to no other cats, she is a victim of

Accepted Answer

Underextension is when a child applies a word too narrowly, such as believing that the word "cat" only refers to their own family's pet and not other cats. Overextension is when a child applies a word too broadly, such as using the word "dog" to refer to all four-legged animals. Fast mapping is the ability to learn a new word quickly with limited exposure. Overregulation is the overapplication of grammar rules to irregular cases, such as saying "goed" instead of "went." Therefore, the best choice for this scenario is underextension (choice C).

Question 10

When a child's connections between words and referents are made so rapidly that he or she cannot consider all possible meanings of the word, that child is experiencing ________.

Accepted Answer

Fast mapping refers to the process by which children quickly make connections between words and their referents, even when they don't have a complete understanding of the word's meaning. This can lead to errors such as overextension, where the child applies a word too broadly to things that don't fit the category the word normally represents.

Question 11

________ involves applying grammatical rules to words that are, in fact, exceptions to those rules.

Accepted Answer

Overregularization is a common error in language acquisition where a child applies a grammatical rule to irregular words that do not follow the rule. For example, saying "goed" instead of "went" or "mouses" instead of "mice."

Question 12

When discussing the acquisition of grammar, which type of theorist would be MOST likely to say, "Context and genetics are overrated, what really matters is imitation and reinforcement?"

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists believe that acquisition of language is due to the principles of conditioning, such as imitation and reinforcement, rather than contextual or genetic factors.

Question 13

To help children learn the difference between the roles of speaker and listener in a conversation, they should encourage ________ soon after children begin to speak.

Accepted Answer

Turn-taking refers to the practice of individuals speaking one at a time in a conversation. By encouraging turn-taking in young children, they can learn to recognize and differentiate between the roles of the speaker and listener in a conversation. This skill can help them become more effective communicators as they grow older. Alternation of morphemes and phonemic reversing are not relevant to teaching conversation skills, while infant-directed speech is a specific type of language input that parents use when speaking to babies and young children, but it does not necessarily address turn-taking in conversation.

Question 14

By the time the average child reaches six years of age, they will have a vocabulary of approximately ________ words.

Accepted Answer

By the age of six, the average child typically has a vocabulary of about 10,000 words.

Question 15

Joe is 18 months old, and is playing with his sister. He looks at her holding the inflatable beach ball, and says "up ball" as he holds out his hands. Joe's attempt to communicate using on a few essential words would be described as ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Joe is 18 months old, and is...

Question 16

For children with a(n) ________ style, language is primarily an intellectual tool. On the other hand, for children with a(n) ________ style, language is primarily a social tool.

Accepted Answer

The referential style refers to a focus on the meaning of words and their referents, rather than the emotional or social aspects of language. Therefore, children with a referential style see language as primarily an intellectual tool. Conversely, expressive style is characterized by a focus on the social and emotional aspects of language, and using it primarily as a means of expressing feelings and establishing social relationships.

Question 17

Macintosh is trying to get his grandson to learn the word "apple." His attempt involves looking at an apple on a tree, making sure that his grandson is also looking, and then saying "apple." Macintosh's effort to teach his grandson is clearly based on

Accepted Answer

Macintosh is using joint attention, which is when two people focus on the same thing and share a common focus of attention. By looking at the apple on the tree together and saying the word "apple," Macintosh is trying to create a shared understanding and promote language learning through joint attention.

Question 18

Which of the following findings noted in observations of older babies supports the statement that babbling is a precursor to the use of real speech?

Accepted Answer

Older babies' babbling includes stress and pitch changes similar to real speech, indicating that babbling is a developmental step towards actual language use.

Question 19

Which of the following do you think would be MOST likely to occur first?

Accepted Answer

Understanding some words is one of the earliest stages of language development and typically occurs before fast mapping, underextension, or overextension.

Question 20

Which of the following circumstances would promote the most cognitive growth in a child?

Accepted Answer

Allowing children to discover concepts on their own promotes cognitive growth as it requires them to think critically and use problem-solving skills. This approach also helps them to develop a deeper understanding of the concepts as they are discovering them on their own. The other options limit children's critical thinking and do not promote as much cognitive growth.

Quiz 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood