Question 1

________ refers to an enduring socioemotional relationship between a child and his or her caregivers.

Accepted Answer

Attachment refers to the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver. This bond is characterized by feelings of security and comfort, and it is an important factor in the child's socioemotional development.

Question 2

John Bowlby, one of the earliest theorists in the area of attachment, advocated a(n) ________ perspective of human relationships.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 3

A blend of autonomy, shame, and doubt give rise to ________, the knowledge that, within limits, a youngster can act on his/her world with intentionality.

Accepted Answer

Autonomy, shame, and doubt are components of Erik Erikson's stage of psychosocial development called initiative vs. guilt. The outcome of this stage is the development of willpower or the ability to act intentionally within the limits of social and cultural norms. Therefore, the answer would be "will."

Question 4

Which of the following does research suggest is more emphasized by fathers as they interact with their babies?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that fathers tend to emphasize physical play as they interact with their babies more than other types of play or communication. This can include activities such as tossing them in the air, tickling, and roughhousing. While other types of interaction, such as reading and talking, are still important for overall development, fathers often use physical play to build a bond and create a sense of excitement and joy with their babies.

Question 5

Research has consistently found that approximately ________ percent of American babies have secure attachment relationships.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that around 60-65% of American babies form secure attachment relationships with their caregivers. This is based on the attachment theory, which suggests that children form a close emotional bond with their caregivers, leading to a secure base from which they can explore the world.

Question 6

According to Erikson, a proper balance of trust and mistrust leads children to develop a sense of ________.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, if infants develop trust from consistent and predictable care, they will develop hope, which is the belief that things will turn out positively. If they experience inconsistent or inadequate care, they will develop mistrust and lack confidence in the world around them. Therefore, a balance of trust and mistrust leads to the development of hope.

Question 7

Bowlby described four phases in the growth of attachment. They are, in correct order:

Accepted Answer

Bowlby described four phases in the growth of attachment as preattachment (birth to 6 weeks), attachment in the making (6 weeks to 6-8 months), true attachment (6-8 months to 18-24 months), and reciprocal relationships (18-24 months and beyond). This order is correctly represented in option A.

Question 8

Four-year-old Luticia pretends to be a doctor and has begun to realize that she needs to be responsible and cooperate with her parents. According to Erikson, this indicates that she is beginning to achieve a sense of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage that typically occurs in early childhood is initiative versus guilt. During this stage, children begin to develop a sense of purpose and responsibility. Luticia's behavior of pretending to be a doctor and recognizing the need to cooperate with her parents indicates that she is developing a sense of purpose. Trust (choice A) is developed in infancy, intimacy (choice C) is developed in early adulthood, and will (choice D) is developed in late adolescence/young adulthood.

Question 9

Which of the following is the primary thrust of the psychosocial theory of development?

Accepted Answer

The primary thrust of the psychosocial theory of development, developed by Erik Erikson, is that at each of eight different stages, people encounter a unique crisis that must be resolved for development to proceed normally. These crises involve conflicts between internal psychological needs and external societal expectations, and how individuals resolve them shapes their personality and behavior in adulthood.

Question 10

According to Erikson, which is the foundation of human development?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, the foundation of human development is trust in oneself and others, which is established in the first stage of life (0-18 months) through a consistent, responsive, and loving caregiver. This trust provides the basis for the development of future relationships and a sense of competence and confidence in oneself. Autonomy, initiative, and identity are important stages later in life, but they build upon the foundation of trust established in infancy.

Question 11

Mitzi is very worried about her daughter, Maya, because the bottle that she gave her had formula that was a little too hot and Maya cried when she first drank some of it. She fears that even at her early age Maya will now be afraid of her mother, and that this mistake will have detrimental consequences on Maya's development. Based on Erikson's theory, what would you say to Mitzi?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mitzi is very worried about her daughter,...

Question 12

Anthony and Martina are the new parents of a new baby named Zoe and are wondering whether Zoe will attach to them. A developmental psychologist explains to them that if Zoe is a typical baby, she will

Accepted Answer

Attachment is a natural process that typically occurs between infants and their primary caregivers. If Anthony and Martina provide consistent and nurturing care, it is likely that Zoe will form a secure attachment to both of them. However, every baby is unique and may have different attachment styles. It is important for the parents to continue to provide a supportive environment and observe their baby's behavior to ensure healthy attachment development.

Question 13

Marlee and her father are being observed to determine the kind of attachment relationship they share, and the evaluation is using the Strange Situation experiment. Marlee gets somewhat upset when her father leaves the room, but stops crying when he returns. She walks over to him for a hug and seems easily comforted. This indicates that there is a(n) ________ attachment.

Accepted Answer

Marlee's behavior suggests that she is securely attached to her father. She shows distress when he leaves, seeks comfort from him when he returns, and is easily comforted by his presence. This is consistent with the characteristics of a secure attachment.

Question 14

Which developmentalist is credited with having proposed the psychosocial theory of development?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson is credited with proposing the psychosocial theory of development, which focuses on how social and cultural factors influence an individual's development throughout their lifespan.

Question 15

Many parents play the "What do you want to be when you grow up?" game with their children. Perhaps they don't realize that this question, in Erikson's theory, helps preschoolers develop a sense of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the "What do you want to be when you grow up?" question helps preschoolers develop a sense of initiative. This is because it encourages them to start thinking about their future goals and exploring their interests and abilities.

Question 16

Ainsworth created a research procedure that was/is used to test the different forms of attachment that may exist between a child and his/her caregiver. That procedure is called the ________.

Accepted Answer

The Strange Situation is a research procedure created by Ainsworth that assesses different forms of attachment between a child and caregiver through a series of staged separations and reunions. The Visual Cliff is a procedure used to test depth perception in infants, the Shockbox Experiment is not a recognized research procedure in the field of attachment, and the Apgar Protocol is a standardized assessment of newborn health, not attachment.

Question 17

Jessminder is a two-year-old girl who is exploring her world. She can walk very well, and frequently tries to walk away from her parents to go look around. According to Erikson, Jessminder is attempting to develop a sense of ________.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, toddlers are in the stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt, where they are exploring their independence and trying to assert their control over their environment. Developing a sense of autonomy is vital for toddlers, as it sets the stage for later stages of development. Therefore, Jessminder is attempting to develop a sense of autonomy.

Question 18

Which of the following represents the correct order of the first three stages of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

The correct order of the first three stages of psychosocial development, according to Erik Erikson, is basic trust vs. mistrust (infancy), followed by autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddlerhood), and then initiative vs. guilt (preschool). Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it lists the stages in the correct order.

Question 19

Baby Hughie has singled out his mother as someone different from all others. When his mother takes him to a new place, Hughie is able to explore but looks back to his mother every once in a while for reassurance. He also cries when he is separated from his mother for more than a minute or two. According to Bowlby, Hughie is most likely in the ____ phase of attachment.

Accepted Answer

Hughie's behavior of seeking reassurance from his mother and crying when separated from her for too long suggests that he has formed a true attachment to her, making option D the correct choice. In this phase, infants develop a strong emotional bond with their primary caregiver, seeking them out for comfort and security. The other options are not applicable to Hughie's behavior, as pre-attachment is the initial phase when infants do not show any particular attachment to specific individuals, while attachment in the making and reciprocal relationships are more advanced stages of attachment development.

Question 20

Caden is a four-month-old child whose parents spend quite a bit of time with him. There is rarely a time when one of them is not holding him, and they always make sure to come to him when he cries in his crib. According to the first stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, Caden should develop a sense of

Accepted Answer

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory of development is "trust vs. mistrust," which occurs during infancy. If caregivers consistently respond to the infant's needs, such as feeding and comforting, the child will develop a sense of basic trust in the world and others. Caden's parents appear to be responsive to his needs, so he should develop a sense of basic trust. Autonomy, initiative, and guilt are stages that occur later in development.

Quiz 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and