Question 1

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding the "run" of a two-year-old child?
A) It is actually something that should be discouraged, because the vast majority of pediatric bone fractures are a result of falls between 24 and 30 months of age.
B) It bears a strong resemblance to the run of a five- or six-year-old child.
C) It is almost fully developed as a complex action, with coordination of the arms, legs, and feet.
D) It is more of a "hurried walk" than a run, because their legs move stiffly and they do not get airborne.

Accepted Answer

According to developmental milestones, the typical "run" of a two-year-old is not yet fully developed, as they tend to move stiffly and not get much air time. It is more like a hurried walk. Option B is incorrect because a two-year-old's run is not quite similar to that of a five- or six-year-old child. Option C is also incorrect as a two-year-old's run is not yet fully coordinated with the arms, legs, and feet. Option A is not entirely accurate, as falls at this age can cause injury, but it is not something that should be discouraged entirely.

Question 2

Felicia and Patty are thrilled that their baby daughter has recently learned to sit up by herself without assistance. According to your textbook, about how old is their daughter?
A) 2 months of age
B) 4 months of age
C) 7 months of age
D) 10 months of age

Accepted Answer

According to the textbook, babies typically learn to sit up without assistance at around 6 to 7 months of age. Therefore, Felicia and Patty's daughter is likely around 7 months old. Option A (2 months) is too early for this milestone, while option B (4 months) is still considered early and option D (10 months) is too late for this milestone.

Question 3

Based on the different components of dynamic systems theory, you should not expect a child to be able walk on their own, unsupported, until they reach the age of ________ months.
A) 6-9
B) 9-12
C) 12-15
D) 15-18

Accepted Answer

According to dynamic systems theory, walking independently typically emerges around 12-15 months of age. This theory emphasizes the integration of multiple systems (e.g., neurological, muscular, perceptual) that develop at different rates, leading to the acquisition of new motor skills like walking.

Question 4

There are many jokes out there about the advantage that having opposable thumbs gives human beings over most animals. As your authors note, however, it is not until the age of ________ that children actually start to use their thumbs as part of the grasping process!
A) 3-4 months
B) 5-6 months
C) 7-8 months
D) 9-10 months

Accepted Answer

The answer of There are many jokes out there about...

Question 5

Which BEST exemplifies experience-expectant growth?
A) The fact that all infants hear language sounds, which leads to language development.
B) The fact that eating high-fat foods leads to obesity.
C) The fact that abused children often experience depression.
D) The fact that by age two, most children are about three feet tall.

Accepted Answer

Experience-expectant growth refers to the development that occurs due to the presence of typical experiences in the environment. All infants have the experience of hearing language sounds, which leads to the typical development of language skills. Option B refers to experience-dependent growth, as it depends on individual experiences and behaviors. Option C refers to the negative impact of abuse on development, but it is not an example of experience-expectant growth. Option D refers to typical physical growth, but it is not an example of experience-expectant growth.

Question 6

A nursing one-month-old infant may grasp crudely at his mother's breast while feeding. That same child at the age of one year will probably easily hold a bottle or cup, placing it to his lips, and then putting it down when he is done. This change in ability to use the hands and fingers demonstrates advances in
A) gross motor skills
B) locomotion
C) fine motor skills
D) concrete operations

Accepted Answer

The ability to grasp and manipulate objects with the hands and fingers is a hallmark of fine motor skills development. The example given in the question demonstrates a clear progression in this area, as the child moves from a crude grasp as a newborn to the skillful placement and manipulation of a bottle or cup at one year of age. Gross motor skills refer to larger movements, such as crawling or walking. Locomotion specifically refers to the ability to move from one place to another. Concrete operations is a concept in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, describing the ability to use logical thinking and understand cause-and-effect relationships, which is not relevant to the question.

Question 7

________ is the process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation.
A) Transduction
B) Sensation
C) Integration
D) Perception

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ is the process by which the...

Question 8

If you were to follow the advice of your authors, which of the following articles of clothing would you avoid giving to a two- or three-year-old child?
A) A pair of sneakers with Velcro closures
B) A button-down shirt
C) A pair of shorts with a zipper
D) A pair of sweatpants with a drawstring

Accepted Answer

According to the authors, a two- or three-year-old child may not have the fine motor skills required to properly button a shirt. Therefore, it would be best to avoid giving a button-down shirt to a child of this age.

Question 9

Distinguishing and mastering different motions is to ________ as linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole is to ________.
A) sensorimotor; formal operations
B) integration; differentiation
C) formal operations; sensorimotor
D) differentiation; integration

Accepted Answer

Distinguishing and mastering different motions is a process of differentiation, while linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole is a process of integration. Therefore, Choice D, differentiation; integration, is the correct option. Choices A and C, sensorimotor; formal operations, are not relevant to the context of the question. Choice B, integration; differentiation, is the opposite sequence of what is being asked in the question.

Question 10

According to ________ systems theory, learning to walk involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific goals.
A) teratogenic
B) dynamic
C) fluid
D) static

Accepted Answer

Dynamic systems theory proposes that the development of complex skills such as walking involves the coordination and organization of multiple systems, including nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. These systems interact with the environment and adapt to changing conditions, allowing for the emergence of new behaviors and abilities over time. Therefore, learning to walk is not a static, fixed process but rather a dynamic and constantly evolving one.

Question 11

You would think that balance is something that, once learned, you will have mastered for your entire life. In fact, however, balance must be relearned for sitting, crawling, walking, and other postures. Why is this?
A) Because each posture develops independently of others, and thus there is no "central" balance skill that can be learned.
B) Because each posture involves a different part of the brain, and balance must be coordinated with each of those brain areas.
C) Because balance is a "gross motor skill," and the different postures noted below are all "fine motor skills."
D) Because the body rotates around different points and different muscles must be used for each posture.

Accepted Answer

Each posture requires a different combination of muscles to maintain balance, and the body rotates around different points. Therefore, different muscles must be used for each posture, requiring the need to relearn balance for each new posture.

Question 12

With regard to the sense of smell of a newborn baby, which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?
A) Newborns are basically "nose-deaf," as their sinuses will not be completely clear of fluid from the pregnancy until several weeks after birth.
B) Newborns have a keen sense of smell, and can recognize familiar and comforting scents.
C) Newborns have a very rudimentary sense of smell, and can only demonstrate revulsion to unpleasant odors. This is believed to serve an adaptive purpose, as it keeps infants from eating potentially poisonous objects.
D) A newborn's sense of smell is as sharp as that of an adult, but their lack of exposure to different odors is the reason why they don't "use" their smell sense very much.

Accepted Answer

Newborns have a keen sense of smell and can recognize familiar and comforting scents, such as their mother's breast milk. Studies have shown that babies as young as a few days old can differentiate between the scent of their mother's breast milk and that of another nursing mother. However, their sense of smell is not as developed as adults and they may not yet be able to distinguish between more complex scents.

Question 13

With regard to handedness, which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?
A) Young babies tend to use both hands interchangeably, demonstrating no preference of one hand over another.
B) Most young babies tend to use their right hand predominantly, and remain right-handed later in their development.
C) Most young babies tend to use their left hand predominantly, and then change to right-handedness later in their development.
D) Most young babies tend to use their left hand predominant, and remain left-handed later in their development.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that young babies tend to use both their hands interchangeably, showing no preference for either hand. It is only as they develop further that they begin to show a stronger preference for one hand over the other.

Question 14

With regard to the specialized brain of children, which of the following is NOT a relevant principle?
A) Specialization is evident in early development.
B) Specialization progresses very differently between boys and girls.
C) Specialization takes on two forms.
D) Different brain systems specialize at a different rate.

Accepted Answer

While there are differences in brain development between boys and girls, the principle stated in option B ("Specialization progresses very differently between boys and girls") is not a relevant principle regarding the specialized brain of children. The other options mentioned are relevant principles.

Question 15

By what age would you expect to see a child running with ease, effortlessly changing their speed and direction?
A) 3-4 years
B) 5-6 years
C) 7-8 years
D) 9-10 years

Accepted Answer

The answer of By what age would you expect to...

Question 16

If Tori is a proponent of dynamic systems theory, then you know that she is most interested in
A) the cerebral cortex.
B) balance and moving limbs.
C) language development.
D) temperament.

Accepted Answer

Dynamic systems theory focuses on how the various components of the body work together to create movement and balance. This includes the interaction of muscles, joints, and sensory feedback. Language development and temperament are not the primary focus of this theory, and while the cerebral cortex is involved in movement, it is not the only factor considered in dynamic systems theory.

Question 17

Which of the following provides some evidence that there is, in fact, a genetic component to handedness?
A) Between monozygotic twins, the likelihood that both children have the same dominant hand is no greater than between fraternal twins or non-twin siblings.
B) As teachers have stopped encouraging children to use their right hands, the percentage of left-handed children has risen.
C) Societies have favored right-handed people in their design of common objects, such as scissors, can-openers, and school desks.
D) The part of the brain that controls handedness, the substantia nigra, develops more fully in right-handed children than in left-handed children.

Accepted Answer

B) indicates a change in the prevalence of left-handedness when external pressures (such as teaching practices) change, suggesting an underlying predisposition that can be expressed when not suppressed, hinting at a genetic component.

Question 18

Studies of infant stepping behavior on a treadmill demonstrated that
A) the pattern of alternating of steps on each leg precedes the ability to walk.
B) even very young infants can walk without assistance.
C) infants cannot judge the speed of movement of a moving object (e.g., the treadmill).
D) infants will refuse to attempt to walk if held upright.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the pattern of alternating steps on each leg (called the "stepping reflex") appears before infants are able to walk independently. This reflex is often observed when infants are held upright with their feet touching a surface, such as a treadmill belt, which causes them to automatically lift and alternate their legs in a walking motion. Option B is incorrect, as infants typically require support when learning to walk and are not able to walk independently until several months after the emergence of the stepping reflex. Option C is unrelated to the findings of the studies on infant stepping behavior. Option D is also incorrect, as infants often enjoy being held upright and encouraged to walk, even if they are not yet able to do so independently.

Question 19

A child's ability to move around in the world is referred to as ________.
A) locomotion
B) gross motor skills
C) fine motor skills
D) dynamic motion

Accepted Answer

Locomotion refers to a child's ability to move around in the world, including crawling, walking, and running. Gross motor skills refer to the large movements of the body, while fine motor skills refer to the small movements of the hands and fingers. Dynamic motion is a general term and not specific to a child's ability to move around.

Question 20

Caleb is four months old. If he is like others his age, when he grasps a rattle, he will grasp it with
A) his fingers and thumb.
B) his thumb only.
C) his fingers only.
D) one finger from each hand.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Caleb is four months old. If he...

Quiz 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding the "run" of a two-year-old child?

Felicia and Patty are thrilled that their baby daughter has recently learned to sit up by herself without assistance. According to your textbook, about how old is their daughter?

Based on the different components of dynamic systems theory, you should not expect a child to be able walk on their own, unsupported, until they reach the age of ________ months.

There are many jokes out there about the advantage that having opposable thumbs gives human beings over most animals. As your authors note, however, it is not until the age of ________ that children actually start to use their thumbs as part of the grasping process!

Which BEST exemplifies experience-expectant growth?

________ is the process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation.

If you were to follow the advice of your authors, which of the following articles of clothing would you avoid giving to a two- or three-year-old child?

Distinguishing and mastering different motions is to as linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole is to .

According to ________ systems theory, learning to walk involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific goals.

You would think that balance is something that, once learned, you will have mastered for your entire life. In fact, however, balance must be relearned for sitting, crawling, walking, and other postures. Why is this?

With regard to the sense of smell of a newborn baby, which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

With regard to handedness, which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

With regard to the specialized brain of children, which of the following is NOT a relevant principle?

By what age would you expect to see a child running with ease, effortlessly changing their speed and direction?

If Tori is a proponent of dynamic systems theory, then you know that she is most interested in

Which of the following provides some evidence that there is, in fact, a genetic component to handedness?

Studies of infant stepping behavior on a treadmill demonstrated that

A child's ability to move around in the world is referred to as ________.

Caleb is four months old. If he is like others his age, when he grasps a rattle, he will grasp it with