Question 1

____ is the deductive reasoning on which Euclidean geometry is based.
A) Plotting
B) Pythagorean theorem
C) Pure reason
D) Practical reason

Accepted Answer

Euclidean geometry is based on deductive reasoning derived from axioms and definitions, which is an application of pure reason.

Question 2

According to the Cultural Relativist viewpoint, the Nazi party members committing systematic extermination were acting within the framework of their culture and should not be judged by the standards of other cultures.

Accepted Answer

Cultural relativism posits that one should understand and evaluate behaviors and beliefs within the context of the culture in which they occur, implying that actions, such as those of the Nazi party, would be assessed based on their cultural context rather than external moral standards.

Question 3

According to ____ we should adopt a set of rules and then violate them only in the case where compelling evidence indicates that utility is increased by such a violation.
A) Rule Utilitarianism
B) Happiness Theory
C) Contractarianism
D) "Tit-for-Tat" Theory

Accepted Answer

Rule Utilitarianism posits that the best action is the one that conforms to a set of rules which, if generally followed, would lead to the greatest good for the greatest number. It allows for rule violations only when doing so would result in a greater utility than following the rule.

Question 4

____ encourages people to help the least fortunate.
A) Utilitarianism
B) Contractarianism
C) Divine Command Theory
D) Rawl's Theory of Justice

Accepted Answer

Rawl's Theory of Justice emphasizes the principle of fairness and equality, advocating for a system that benefits the least advantaged members of society. This theory proposes that social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, encouraging support for those who are most in need.

Question 5

The ____ is a rule that must always be followed by all rational beings.
A) veil of ignorance
B) universal law of nature
C) good will rule
D) categorical imperative

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ____ is a rule that must...

Question 6

The theory of ____ promotes tolerance.
A) Act Utilitarianism
B) Cultural Relativism
C) Divine Command
D) Deontological Ethics

Accepted Answer

Cultural Relativism promotes tolerance by suggesting that we should understand and respect cultural practices different from our own, rather than judging them by the standards of our own culture. This approach inherently encourages a tolerance of diverse cultural norms and practices.

Question 7

____ are similar to languages in that they differ substatially in their particulars but share many common elements; all human cultures seem to include these same basic concepts.
A) Interpretative structures
B) Moral theories
C) Ethical structures
D) Moral structures

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____ are similar to languages in that...

Question 8

Under the "No Harm, No Foul" approach, even if a person adversely affects the others around him, there is no need to punish that person.

Accepted Answer

If harm was done, there must be some form of punishment or all similar offenses will continue to go unpunished.

Question 9

____ is a conversation in which participants share their own opinions and develop more refined perspectives while considering all discussion parners to be well-intended and informed.
A) Soliloquy
B) Deliberate critical discussion
C) Debate session
D) Forensic discussion

Accepted Answer

Deliberate critical discussion is characterized by participants sharing their opinions and refining their perspectives while assuming good intentions and informed positions of all involved, which aligns with the description provided.

Question 10

Virtue Ethics is agent-centered as opposed to act-centered, focusing more on the character of the person making the decision rather than focusing on the decision itself.

Accepted Answer

Virtue Ethics emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, of the person acting, rather than the morality of specific acts or outcomes, making it agent-centered rather than act-centered.

Question 11

A ____ is a way of defining morality.
A) scientific theory
B) mathematical equation
C) language
D) moral theory

Accepted Answer

A moral theory is a framework or system that attempts to define what is right and wrong, guiding moral decision-making and ethical behavior.

Question 12

____ is the technique of argumentaiton most often used in legal reasoning and can, at times, seem to be a rhetorical technique used for twisting the truth rather than establishing it.
A) Casuistry
B) Ad hominem
C) Euthyphro
D) Prisoner's Perspective

Accepted Answer

Casuistry is a method of argumentation used in legal reasoning that involves the application of general principles to particular cases, often seen as a way to navigate or manipulate complex ethical and legal scenarios.

Question 13

The characteristics of a good person are called ____.
A) attractions
B) traits
C) virtues
D) intellect

Accepted Answer

Virtues are the moral and ethical qualities that define a good person, such as honesty, kindness, and integrity.

Question 14

Righteous indignation is the relief we feel at someone's deserved good or bad fortune.

Accepted Answer

Righteous indignation is the anger we feel at someone's undeserved good or bad fortune.

Question 15

Consequentialism is the theory that states that the end result behind an action, not the motivation behind the action, makes the action either good or bad.

Accepted Answer

Consequentialism is a moral theory that holds that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (or omission) is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence.

Question 16

____ means maximizing happiness in the world.
A) Contractivity
B) Utility
C) Good Will
D) Encapsulation

Accepted Answer

Utility, in philosophical terms, especially in the context of utilitarianism, refers to the idea of creating the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people, thus maximizing happiness in the world.

Question 17

____ is the willingness to let people do what they wish, as long as there is no overriding justification to do otherwise.
A) Cowardice
B) Tolerance
C) Cultural Relativism
D) Recklessness

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the acceptance of different views, behaviors, and practices, allowing them without necessarily agreeing with them, as long as they don't harm others or infringe on their rights.

Question 18

____ is a moral theory that holds that X is good exclusively because God commands it.
A) Grace Theory
B) Theory of Evolution
C) Almighty Arbiter Theory
D) Divine Command Theory

Accepted Answer

Divine Command Theory posits that something is morally good because God commands it, making morality ultimately dependent on the decrees of God.

Question 19

____ is the set of ethical standards for the followers of a particular religion.
A) Ad hominem
B) Religious ethics
C) Degrees of tolerance
D) Deontological guidelines

Accepted Answer

Religious ethics refers to the ethical standards and principles that are derived from the teachings and practices of a particular religion, guiding the behavior of its followers.

Question 20

____ is a consequentialist moral theory that says that the right decision is the one that causes the most happiness.
A) Divine Command Theory
B) Virtue Theory
C) Deontological Ethical Theory
D) Utilitarianism

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism is the moral theory that focuses on the outcomes of actions, specifically aiming to maximize happiness and reduce suffering. It is a form of consequentialism, as it evaluates the morality of actions based on their consequences.

Quiz 1: Critical Reasoning and Moral Theory

____ is the deductive reasoning on which Euclidean geometry is based.

According to the Cultural Relativist viewpoint, the Nazi party members committing systematic extermination were acting within the framework of their culture and should not be judged by the standards of other cultures.

According to ____ we should adopt a set of rules and then violate them only in the case where compelling evidence indicates that utility is increased by such a violation.

____ encourages people to help the least fortunate.

The ____ is a rule that must always be followed by all rational beings.

The theory of ____ promotes tolerance.

____ are similar to languages in that they differ substatially in their particulars but share many common elements; all human cultures seem to include these same basic concepts.

Under the "No Harm, No Foul" approach, even if a person adversely affects the others around him, there is no need to punish that person.

____ is a conversation in which participants share their own opinions and develop more refined perspectives while considering all discussion parners to be well-intended and informed.

Virtue Ethics is agent-centered as opposed to act-centered, focusing more on the character of the person making the decision rather than focusing on the decision itself.

A ____ is a way of defining morality.

____ is the technique of argumentaiton most often used in legal reasoning and can, at times, seem to be a rhetorical technique used for twisting the truth rather than establishing it.

The characteristics of a good person are called ____.

Righteous indignation is the relief we feel at someone's deserved good or bad fortune.

Consequentialism is the theory that states that the end result behind an action, not the motivation behind the action, makes the action either good or bad.

____ means maximizing happiness in the world.

____ is the willingness to let people do what they wish, as long as there is no overriding justification to do otherwise.

____ is a moral theory that holds that X is good exclusively because God commands it.

____ is the set of ethical standards for the followers of a particular religion.

____ is a consequentialist moral theory that says that the right decision is the one that causes the most happiness.