Deck 1: Critical Reasoning and Moral Theory

Question 1

____ is the deductive reasoning on which Euclidean geometry is based.

A) Plotting
B) Pythagorean theorem
C) Pure reason
D) Practical reason

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to the Cultural Relativist viewpoint, the Nazi party members committing systematic extermination were acting within the framework of their culture and should not be judged by the standards of other cultures.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to ____ we should adopt a set of rules and then violate them only in the case where compelling evidence indicates that utility is increased by such a violation.

A) Rule Utilitarianism
B) Happiness Theory
C) Contractarianism
D) "Tit-for-Tat" Theory

Answer 3

A

Question 4

____ encourages people to help the least fortunate.

A) Utilitarianism
B) Contractarianism
C) Divine Command Theory
D) Rawl's Theory of Justice

Question 5

The ____ is a rule that must always be followed by all rational beings.

A) veil of ignorance
B) universal law of nature
C) good will rule
D) categorical imperative

Question 6

The theory of ____ promotes tolerance.

A) Act Utilitarianism
B) Cultural Relativism
C) Divine Command
D) Deontological Ethics

Question 7

____ are similar to languages in that they differ substatially in their particulars but share many common elements; all human cultures seem to include these same basic concepts.

A) Interpretative structures
B) Moral theories
C) Ethical structures
D) Moral structures

Question 8

Under the "No Harm, No Foul" approach, even if a person adversely affects the others around him, there is no need to punish that person.

Question 9

____ is a conversation in which participants share their own opinions and develop more refined perspectives while considering all discussion parners to be well-intended and informed.

A) Soliloquy
B) Deliberate critical discussion
C) Debate session
D) Forensic discussion

Question 10

Virtue Ethics is agent-centered as opposed to act-centered, focusing more on the character of the person making the decision rather than focusing on the decision itself.

Question 11

A ____ is a way of defining morality.

A) scientific theory
B) mathematical equation
C) language
D) moral theory

Question 12

____ is the technique of argumentaiton most often used in legal reasoning and can, at times, seem to be a rhetorical technique used for twisting the truth rather than establishing it.

A) Casuistry
B) Ad hominem
C) Euthyphro
D) Prisoner's Perspective

Question 13

The characteristics of a good person are called ____.

A) attractions
B) traits
C) virtues
D) intellect

Question 14

Righteous indignation is the relief we feel at someone's deserved good or bad fortune.

Question 15

Consequentialism is the theory that states that the end result behind an action, not the motivation behind the action, makes the action either good or bad.

Question 16

____ means maximizing happiness in the world.

A) Contractivity
B) Utility
C) Good Will
D) Encapsulation

Question 17

____ is the willingness to let people do what they wish, as long as there is no overriding justification to do otherwise.

A) Cowardice
B) Tolerance
C) Cultural Relativism
D) Recklessness

Question 18

____ is a moral theory that holds that X is good exclusively because God commands it.

A) Grace Theory
B) Theory of Evolution
C) Almighty Arbiter Theory
D) Divine Command Theory

Question 19

____ is the set of ethical standards for the followers of a particular religion.

A) Ad hominem
B) Religious ethics
C) Degrees of tolerance
D) Deontological guidelines

Question 20

____ is a consequentialist moral theory that says that the right decision is the one that causes the most happiness.

A) Divine Command Theory
B) Virtue Theory
C) Deontological Ethical Theory
D) Utilitarianism

Question 21

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.Universal Law of Nature
f.Contractarianism
b.Game Theory
g.Deontological Ethical Theory
c.Principle of the End in Itself
h.Divine Command Theory
d.Prisoner's Dilemma
i.Universality
e.Impartiality
A branch of mathematics in which an individual makes choices that potentially create points for himself

Question 22

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.Universal Law of Nature
f.Contractarianism
b.Game Theory
g.Deontological Ethical Theory
c.Principle of the End in Itself
h.Divine Command Theory
d.Prisoner's Dilemma
i.Universality
e.Impartiality
Two people are offered a choice either to cooperate or defect

Question 23

____________________ is the concept of performing an action that maximizes happiness.

Question 24

____________________ is regarded as the strongest proponent of utilitarianism.

Question 25

____ requires that we are willing to make the subjective principle that determined our decision a universal requirement for all.

A) The Principle of Caring
B) Kant's Principle of Religion
C) The Universal Law of Nature
D) Hobbes' Theory of Personal Benefit

Question 26

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.Universal Law of Nature
f.Contractarianism
b.Game Theory
g.Deontological Ethical Theory
c.Principle of the End in Itself
h.Divine Command Theory
d.Prisoner's Dilemma
i.Universality
e.Impartiality
Treat humans, both yourself and others, always as ends in themselves, and never merely as a means to an end

Question 27

Aristotle claims that there are ____ kinds of virtues, one of them being intellectual virtues.

A) two
B) four
C) three
D) seven

Question 28

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.Universal Law of Nature
f.Contractarianism
b.Game Theory
g.Deontological Ethical Theory
c.Principle of the End in Itself
h.Divine Command Theory
d.Prisoner's Dilemma
i.Universality
e.Impartiality
A decision reached should be correct for everyone that has a similar decision to make

Question 29

One of the guidelines of delibarative critical discussion is to avoid ____________________ attacks, which are arguments against the person arguing rather than against the statements being made.

Question 30

____________________ is the reasoning used to resolve ethical issues.

Question 31

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.Universal Law of Nature
f.Contractarianism
b.Game Theory
g.Deontological Ethical Theory
c.Principle of the End in Itself
h.Divine Command Theory
d.Prisoner's Dilemma
i.Universality
e.Impartiality
X is good because God commands it, and for no other reason

Question 32

____ defines goodness in terms of whether or not we take care of the people around us.

A) Ethics of Caring
B) The Veil of Ignorance
C) The Difference Principle
D) Contractarianism

Question 33

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.Universal Law of Nature
f.Contractarianism
b.Game Theory
g.Deontological Ethical Theory
c.Principle of the End in Itself
h.Divine Command Theory
d.Prisoner's Dilemma
i.Universality
e.Impartiality
Act only according to maxims (principles) that could be adopted as universal laws

Question 34

The process of calculating which action will lead to the greatest happiness is sometimes called the ____.

A) utilitarian calculus
B) consequentialist matrix
C) behavioral trigonometry
D) differential calculus

Question 35

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.Universal Law of Nature
f.Contractarianism
b.Game Theory
g.Deontological Ethical Theory
c.Principle of the End in Itself
h.Divine Command Theory
d.Prisoner's Dilemma
i.Universality
e.Impartiality
People are rational beings who wish to promote their own self-interests, and the best way of doing so is to promote the common interests of society

Question 36

Plato was responsible for writing ____, a dialogue from the fourth century BC that asks "is goodness loved by the gods because it is good, or is it good because it is loved by the gods?"

A) Lorem Ipsum
B) Euthanasia
C) Euthyphro
D) unionem Europaeam

Question 37

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.Universal Law of Nature
f.Contractarianism
b.Game Theory
g.Deontological Ethical Theory
c.Principle of the End in Itself
h.Divine Command Theory
d.Prisoner's Dilemma
i.Universality
e.Impartiality
Focuses on rights, duties, obligations, and rules

Question 38

Match each term with the correct statement below.
a.Universal Law of Nature
f.Contractarianism
b.Game Theory
g.Deontological Ethical Theory
c.Principle of the End in Itself
h.Divine Command Theory
d.Prisoner's Dilemma
i.Universality
e.Impartiality
Every person is treated equally and no one is given preferential treatment

Question 39

Contractarianism stems from the writings of ____.

A) Immanuel Kant
B) Thomas Hobbes
C) John Rawls
D) Jeremy Bentham

Question 40

The philosopher ____________________ is usually regarded as the father of utilitarianism.

Question 41

What is the basic equation for defining morality?

Question 42

Describe the "ideal mean," according to Virtue Theory.

Question 43

Describe the main difference between deontological ethics theories and consequentialist theories.

Question 44

Describe the importance of context when making ethical arguments.

Question 45

What is the main problem with defining professional ethics in terms of religious ethics?

Question 46

What are the "inherent goods," according to Noddings, Kant, and Utilitarianists?

Question 47

Describe Rawl's veil of ignorance.

Question 48

What is the difference between ethics and morality?

Question 49

In Case 1.2, "Warning or Ticket?", what should Officer Schmidt do in response to Dolores' failure to stop at the stop sign, according to virtue theorists?