Quiz 3: Physical Changes

Which of the following statements is the best conclusion regarding the biological theories of aging? A)Programmed cell death accounts for general aging. B)Restricting calories leads humans and animals to live longer lives. C)Organisms only have so much energy to expend across their lifetimes. D)None of the biological theories completely explain normative aging.

Which biological theory of aging examines the role of diet in the aging process? A)wear-and-tear theories B)cellular theories C)programmed-cell-death theories D)rate-of-living theories

Okinawans, who eat only 60% of the normal Japanese diet, have 40 times as many people over the age of 100 than the rest of Japan.This provides evidence for which biological theory of aging? A)rate-of-living B)cellular C)programmed-cell-death D)cross-linking

Which of the following terms is not associated with cellular theories of aging? A)Hayflick limit B)free radicals C)cholesterol buildup D)cross-linking

Cross-linking is a process in which certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way that they make the body stiffer.Which theoretical perspective does cross-linking represent? A)programmed-cell-death theory B)free radical theory C)telomerase theory D)cellular theory

Substances that prevent oxygen from combining to form free radicals are known as A)collagens. B)telomeres. C)antioxidants. D)coenzymes.

Chronic stress may accelerate the changes that occur in and thereby shorten one's life span. A)coenzymes B)free radicals C)telomeres D)antioxidants

Which theory of aging suggests that there is an innate ability in cells to self-destruct? A)rate-of-living B)free radicals C)programmed-cell-death D)cross-linking

To understand the overall health of a person requires not only understanding their biological functioning but also their A)psychological functioning. B)sociocultural functioning. C)life-cycle forces. D)all of the these.

Which of the following is a sign of aging that is not readily apparent? A)age spots B)increased blood pressure C)redistribution of body fat D)wrinkles

All of the following are causes of wrinkles except A)thinning of the epidermal layer. B)collagen fibers losing flexibility. C)elastin fibers keeping skin more stretched. D)losing the underlying layer of fat.

Most facial wrinkling experienced by adults is A)inevitable. B)genetic. A)caused by an overuse of vitamin E. B)?preventable if one limits exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays and doesn't smoke.

Gradual thinning and graying of the hair occurs naturally with age.Thinning is caused by , whereas graying is caused by . A)destruction of the germ centers that produce hair follicles; cessation of pigment production B)cessation of pigment production; destruction of the germ centers that produce hair follicles C)decrease in epidermal cells; changes in collagen content D)changes in collagen content; decrease in epidermal cells

Is a person's voice susceptible to the aging process? A)No, one's voice does not change over time due to aging. B)No, if one's voice changes as one ages, it is due to the person's overall poor health. C)Yes, older voices are characterized by lower pitch, less precise pronunciation, and lower volume. D)Yes, older voices are characterized by higher pitch and higher volume.

The most noticeable changes in body build are A)decreased height and fluctuations in weight. B)increased height and fluctuations in weight. C)decreased height and stable weight. D)increased height and stable weight.

What typically occurs with regard to height and weight in old age? A)People gain weight from middle through late adulthood while they lose height. B)People lose weight across late adulthood and gain height. C)Women lose height and weight while men gain height and weight. D)People tend to lose weight and height across late adulthood.

Research on muscle development has shown that A)by age 70, loss of muscle strength is reduced by 40%. B)men lose much more strength in old age than women do. C)loss of strength is more severe in the arms and hands than in the legs. D)some people retain their strength well into old age.

Women are especially susceptible to severe bone degeneration characterized by loss of bone mass and increased bone porosity.This condition is called A)osteoarthritis. B)osteoporosis. C)bone atrophy. D)dendritic spreading.

The leading cause of broken bones in women is A)osteoarthritis. B)osteoporosis. C)vitamin E deficiency. D)inheriting a predisposition for fragile bones.

Why is osteoporosis more common in women than in men? A)Men have higher levels of estrogen, which protects them from osteoporosis. B)Higher testosterone levels in men protect them from osteoporosis. C)Osteoporosis is carried on the X sex chromosome and men's Y chromosomes protect them from contracting osteoporosis. D)The decrease in estrogen in women following menopause greatly increases bone loss.

Osteoarthritis is A)a "wear and tear" disease. B)passed down genetically. C)the same as rheumatoid arthritis. D)contagious.

Football players often complain about their knees after playing, and tennis players often complain about their elbows after a match.Based on this description, you would guess they have A)osteoporosis. B)rheumatoid arthritis. C)osteoarthritis. D)degenerative skeletosis.

Mary awakens in the morning with stiff, swollen joints and pain in her fingers, wrists, and ankles.Mary most likely has A)osteoporosis. B)rheumatoid arthritis. C)osteoarthritis. D)degenerative skeletosis.

If medications for rheumatoid arthritis do not provide relief from the symptoms, surgical interventions such as may be considered. A)arthroplasty B)musculoskeletal replacement C)neuroimaging D)osteoplasty

Going from inside a dark movie theater back out into the sunshine requires A)light adaptation. B)dark adaptation. C)presbyopia. D)accommodation.

Mrs.Jones keeps mixing her blue and green medications, which can have serious effects on her health.The most likely cause of her difficulty with blues and greens is due to A)light adaptation. B)macular degeneration. C)presbyopia. D)yellowing of the lens.

When reading a research journal, a 47-year-old professor finds that she must hold it farther away to read the fine print.She is experiencing which normal age-related change in vision? A)presbycusis B)retinopathy C)presbyopia D)dysthermia

All of the following are normative, age-related changes in vision except A)more light is needed to do tasks such as reading. B)ability to adjust to changes in illumination declines. C)increased sensitivity to glare. D)glaucoma.

is the leading cause of functional blindness in the United States. A)Macular degeneration B)Presbyopia C)Diabetic retinopathy D)Glaucoma

Which of the following is a retinal disease that takes many years to develop and can be accompanied by hemorrhage and aneurysms? A)presbyopia B)glaucoma C)macular degeneration D)diabetic retinopathy

declines steadily starting at the age of 20 and rapidly after the age of 60. A)Visual acuity B)Light adaptation C)Dark adaptation D)Retinopathy

Reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones is known as A)presbyopia. B)presbycusis. C)retinopathy. D)vestibular atrophy.

Which of the following are associated with hearing loss? A)exposure to loud noise over an extended period of time B)exposure to loud noise over a short period of time C)using headphones or earbuds at high volume, especially while exercising D)all of the above are factors in hearing loss

While sensory presbycusis , neural presbycusis . A)affects the ability to understand speech; has little effect on other hearing abilities B)produces hearing loss across all pitches; produces hearing loss for high pitches C)has little effect on other hearing abilities; affects the ability to understand speech D)produces hearing loss for low pitches; produces hearing loss for high pitches

Which of the following is true regarding the somesthetic system? A)The distribution of touch receptors varies throughout the body. B)Because of aging of the skin, it takes less pressure with age to feel touch on the skin. C)All people experience a decrease in their tolerance for pain as they age. D)The somesthetic system is designed to respond to the forces of gravity as they act on the head.

The greatest concentrations of touch receptors in the human body are in the A)head and face. B)lips, tongue, and fingertips. C)legs and feet. D)chest and back.

Dizziness and vertigo occur at greater rates in older adults due to all of the following factors except A)age-related structural changes in the vestibular system. B)problems integrating sensory information coming to the brain to control posture. C)reduction in the number of temperature receptors. D)certain medications and illnesses that increase dizziness.

The problem of vertigo is associated with A)kinesthesis. B)the vestibular system. C)temperature sensitivity. D)pain sensitivity.

Which of the following is not associated with age differences in the vestibular system? A)vertigo B)body sway C)dizziness D)presbyopia

Researchers have found that this form of exercise can reduce older adults' chances of falling and can improve their balance. A)yoga B)swimming C)Tai Chi D)gymnastics

The most accurate conclusion concerning age-related changes in taste sensitivity is that A)the changes are extensive for all flavors. B)the changes begin in young adulthood and accelerate after age 70. C)detection of sweet and salty tastes declines while detection of sour and bitter tastes increases. D)the ability to detect certain tastes declines gradually, but this varies greatly from taste to taste and person to person.

The National Geographic Society conducted a large-scale survey and found that were not able to detect certain odors, such as natural gas, as well as . A)older people; younger people B)younger people; older people C)older men; older women D)older women; older men

The Pocket Smell Test gives clinicians another indicator for diagnosing suspected cases of A)perimenopause. B)osteoporosis. C)rheumatoid arthritis. D)Alzheimer's disease.

Which of the following statements is false? A)The ability of the heart to contract decreases with age. B)The amount of connective tissue in the heart decreases with age. C)Blood pressure normally rises somewhat with age. D)Cardiac output and cardiac reserve both decrease with age.

Two common age-related changes in the heart involve A)the accumulation of fat deposits and stiffening of the heart tissue. B)an increase in left ventricle size and a change in right ventricle shape. C)an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. D)an increase in ventricular artery connections and a decrease in overall blood pressure.

One consequence of aging in the cardiovascular system is A)greater elasticity and flexibility of the arteries. B)a decrease in overall blood pressure. C)a reduction in the heart's pumping capacity. D)decreased calcification of arterial walls.

Which is true about cardiovascular disease? A)The incidences of cardiovascular disease decrease dramatically with age. B)Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in all ethnic groups in the United States. C)The rates of cardiovascular disease are higher for women until age 75. D)Testosterone helps protect men from cardiovascular disease.

The most common heart disease in adults over age 65 that results in hospitalization is A)cardiac arrhythmias. B)arteriosclerosis. C)myocardial infarction. D)congestive heart failure.

Which of the following cardiovascular diseases results in pain that is relieved by rest in 5 to 10 minutes and can be treated with nitroglycerine? A)myocardial infarction B)angina pectoris C)ischemia D)cardiac arrhythmia

occurs when blood supply to the heart is severely restricted or cut off. A)Myocardial infarction B)Cerebrovascular accident C)Atherosclerosis D)Angina pectoris

It is estimated that every 40 seconds in the United States, someone has A)a myocardial infarction. B)congestive heart failure. C)a cerebrovascular accident or stroke. D)angina pectoris.

Two common problems following CVA are aphasia and A)hemiplegia. B)shortening of telomeres. C)increased atherosclerosis. D)dramatic decrease in blood pressure.

is a common and incapacitating respiratory disorder in older adults. A)Myocardial infarction B)Atherosclerosis C)CVA D)COPD

Which of the following is the most serious form of chronic obstructive lung disease? A)asthma B)bronchitis C)emphysema D)pneumonia

The term menopause refers specifically to A)the period of transition from fertility to sterility. B)the end of ovulation. C)an increase in estrogen production. D)the cessation of menstruation.

For women, the transition from reproductive years to nonreproductive years is called A)the climacteric. B)menopause. C)hysterectomy. D)the cessation of menstruation.

Which of the following is not a reproductive change in women? A)significant decreases in hormonal levels B)significant decrease in sexual desire C)shrinking and thinning of the vaginal walls D)longer time needed to reach orgasm

One approach to alleviating the estrogen-related symptoms women experience in later life is to use menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).This involves A)taking high doses of testosterone. B)taking low doses of estrogen, sometimes combined with progestin. C)a strict nutrition and exercise regiment. D)surgery.

The Women's Health Initiative and the Million Women Study both concluded that women who used MHT displayed an increased risk for A)dementia. B)cervical cancer. C)osteoporosis. D)breast cancer.

Which of the following is not a reproductive change in men? A)rapid decrease in the number of sperm B)longer time needed to reach orgasm C)relatively constant levels of testosterone D)little change in sexual interest

Annual prostate screenings are recommended for men beginning at age A)25. B)45. C)50. D)65.

What neuronal structure receives incoming information from neurotransmitters? A)terminal branches B)nucleus C)organelles D)dendrites

Older adults have slower vasoconstrictor response.This means A)they feel hot all the time. B)they sweat more than younger adults. C)it takes longer for them to raise their internal body temperature, or warm up. D)they are especially sensitive to cold and feel cold all the time.

Chemicals that communicate from terminal branches of one cell to dendrites of another cell are known as A)neurotransmitters. B)neuritic plasma. C)organelles. D)neurofibrillary fluid.

All of the following are associated with changes in sleep as we age except A)moving from a two-phase pattern to a multiphase pattern. B)difficulty in regulating body temperature, which may account for some sleep difficulties. C)taking naps during the day results in better sleep at night. D)decreased learning may result in a decreased need for sleep.

happens when the fibers of the axon become twisted together. A)Neurofibrillary tangles B)Granulovacuolar bodies C)Synaptic nodes D)Neuritic plaques

Damaged and dying neurons that collect around a core of protein produce A)neurofibrillary tangles. B)granulovacuolar bodies. C)synaptic nodes. D)neuritic plaques.

________ are not typically observed in the human brain until very old age. A)Neurofibrillary tangles B)Neuritic plaques C)Synaptic nodes D)Granulovacuolar bodies

Research on abnormal, age-related structural changes in neurons shows that A)neurons are lost by the tens of thousands each year. B)a pattern of both loss and growth appears to be the case. C)there is no question that the main issue is dendritic loss. D)it turns out that there are few changes in neurons.

Which of the following is associated with abnormal brain aging? A)losses greatly outnumber gains before very old age B)small numbers of neuritic plaques C)significant changes in synaptic configuration D)small declines in GABA

Normal age-related changes in neurotransmitters include A)the deletion of the dopamine pathway. B)an increase in the number of synapses. C)an increase in granulovacuolar bodies. D)lower levels of neurotransmitters.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with Parkinson's disease? A)dopamine B)acetylcholine C)serotonin D)GABA

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to both Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease? A)dopamine B)acetylcholine C)serotonin D)GABA

Which of the following brain imaging techniques is based on x-rays? A)SPECT B)PET C)MRI D)CT

Which of the following brain imaging techniques can measure glucose metabolism? A)SPECT B)PET C)MRI D)CT

Which of the following brain imaging techniques is based on molecular structure and magnetic fields? A)SPECT B)PET C)MRI D)CT

Reductions in the temperature control mechanisms in the body are largely due to changes in A)the digestive system. B)the endocrine system. C)the vestibular system. D)the autonomic nervous system.

This is a physical condition in which the inability to breathe temporarily interferes with the individual's sleep A)dysthermia B)sleep apnea C)presbyopia D)perimenopause

Senility A)means losing one's mind. B)refers to significant memory lapses brought on by increasing age. C)is the same thing as dementia. D)no longer has any valid medical or psychological meaning.

Dementia occurs in of the elderly over age 65. A)less than 10%. B)about 15-20%. C)50-60%. D)more than 85%.

Metabolic processes, such as and , may be related to living longer.

involves the interaction of different hormones and results in tissue stiffening.

The fact that cell life appears limited to about 50 divisions is referred to as the .

is a degenerative bone disease.It is more common in women than in men.The bone tissue deteriorates severely and takes on a honeycomb-like appearance.

is the normative age-related loss of the ability to focus on nearby objects.

results from a buildup of pressure within the eye, whereas are caused by the development of opaque plaques on the lens.

is a cause of vision loss in later adulthood due to destruction of receptors in the central region of the retina.

is the normative age-related loss of the ability to hear high tones.

The is the sensory system in the inner ear that allows us to keep our balance.

Changes in are primarily responsible for reported changes in food preference and enjoyment.

The most serious type of is , which involves an irreversible destruction of membranes around the air sacs in the lung.

Changes in women's reproductive system are generically referred to as .The most pronounced of these changes involves the cessation of menstruation and ovulation, which is called____________________.

The main reason why older women do not engage in sexual activity is .

There are few changes in the autonomic nervous system as we age.However, two changes that people commonly report are in ____________ and __________.

Interventions such as removing loose floor rugs, ensuring sufficient light, and reducing glare are important for reducing in older adults.

What do telomeres and telomerase have to do with cellular theories of aging?

What are common or normative age-related changes in the skin?

What are age-related changes in hair, and how do these vary for men and women?

What are the theories regarding changes in voice with age?

What are the main reasons why men and women tend to decline in height over time?

Why do women lose bone mass at approximately twice the rate of men?

What is the association between retinal disease and diabetes?

What is the association between hearing loss and the experience of negative emotional reactions?

What options are available to help older adults who are experiencing hearing loss?

Describe how tPA is being used to treat CVAs.