Quiz 4: Longevity, Health, and Functioning

The age at which half the individuals born in any particular year will have died is called A)maximum longevity. B)average longevity. C)functional health. D)chronic longevity.

Computing the average longevity of people currently 50-years-old A)includes all people born in that particular year 50-years-ago. B)results in the same estimate of longevity as that calculated from birth. C)does not include anyone who was born in the same year but died before age 50. D)is not mathematically possible.

The most rapid increases in average longevity at birth occurred in the first half of the 20th century largely due to A)a reduction in maternal smoking. B)an increase in maternal mortality. C)declines in infant mortality rates. D)lack of access to childhood immunizations.

The oldest age to which any individual of a species lives is called A)maximum longevity. B)average longevity. C)compression of morbidity. D)dependent life expectancy.

ends when one loses independence or must rely on others for activities of daily living. A)Maximum life expectancy B)Average life expectancy C)Active life expectancy D)Dependent life expectancy

All of the following are environmental factors that impact longevity rates except A)toxins in food and water. B)airborne pollutants. C)living in poverty. D)implanting corrected genes to eliminate defective genes.

The best indicator of how long you will live is A)how balanced your diet is and whether you exercise regularly. B)not smoking cigarettes and not drinking. C)the longevity of the people in your neighborhood. D)the longevity of relatives.

Which of the following statements about ethnic differences in average longevity is true? A)Older ethnic individuals have a shorter life expectancy than European Americans. B)Older ethnic individuals have a longer life expectancy than European Americans. C)At birth, ethnic individuals have a longer life expectancy than European Americans. D)At birth, people of all ethnicities have the same life expectancy rates.

In the United States, which of the following statements about sex differences in average longevity is true? A)Women live less long due to factors such as maternal mortality and female infanticide. B)Women tend to live longer than men. C)Men and women have the same average longevity. D)Men live longer due to their increased access to health care and higher socioeconomic status.

In most industrialized countries, women's average longevity is about years more than men's at birth. A)1 B)5 C)7 D)10

Research has determined that there is a biological explanation for why women live longer than men.Which of these is true? A)Women have two X chromosomes whereas men have only one. B)Women have a higher brain-to-body weight ratio. C)Women have less testosterone. D)None of these have enough scientific support to explain why women, on average and in industrialized countries, outlive men.

The World Health Organization defines health as A)physical well-being. B)social well-being. C)emotional well-being. D)all of the above.

Thirty years of research has shown that is/are predictive of future health outcomes. A)self-ratings of health B)objective assessments of one's exercise habits C)the number of times one visits the doctor D)a spouse's rating of one's health

Lawton and colleagues (1999) found that a person's valuation of life had a great deal of impact on A)that person's experience of chronic diseases. B)how long that person would like to live. C)experience of acute illnesses. D)rates of depression.

Which of the following is not a type of cell in the immune system? A)cell-mediated immunity B)B-lymphocytes C)autoimmunity D)nonspecific immunity

Which type of lymphocyte is our primary defense against cancer and provides help in fighting viral and parasitic infections? A)T-lymphocytes B)B-lymphocytes C)IgG D)natural killer cells (NK)

The changing balance of T-lymphocytes may help explain why older adults need to be immunized against specific diseases such as influenza. A)earlier B)later C)not at all D)repeatedly over a period of months

When confronted by an invader, an is produced to protect the body from future invasions. A)autoantibody B)autoimmunity C)antibody D)anti-immunity

The process by which the body attacks itself is called A)the autoantibodic process. B)autolymphomosis. C)the reverse immunity syndrome. D)autoimmunity.

Changes in increase the older adult's vulnerability to infection, viruses, and certain types of arthritis. A)white matter B)the autonomic nervous system C)quality of life D)the immune system

The study of the relations between psychological, neurological, and immunological systems is known as A)autoimmunity. B)psychoneuroimmunology. C)autolymphomosis. D)anti-immunity.

For a number of reasons, including changes in the immune system, older adults have a greater risk of contracting A)exacerbators. B)drug excretion. C)autolymphomosis. D)HIV.

Diseases with a rapid onset that last a relatively short time are A)chronic diseases. B)acute diseases. C)age-related. D)psychological diseases.

The common cold, influenza, and food poisoning are examples of A)simple diseases. B)immune system diseases. C)acute diseases. D)chronic diseases.

Diseases that develop slowly, last a long time, and are relatively difficult to treat are A)chronic diseases. B)acute diseases. C)treated with narcotics. D)more common in younger adults than in older adults.

Arthritis is an example of a(n) A)chronic disease. B)acute disease. C)lymphoma. D)simple disease.

As we get older, our chances of contracting goes down, while our chances of contracting goes up. A)acute diseases; chronic diseases B)chronic diseases; acute diseases C)acute diseases; influenza D)cancer; chronic diseases

Prolonged stress can cause damage to the sympathetic nervous system along with A)increases in cardiovascular disease. B)impaired immune system functioning. C)increases in some forms of cancer. D)all of these.

Viewing stress as the interaction between a person and an event is known as the A)psychoanalytical theory. B)person-event paradigm. C)interactional stress theory. D)stress and coping paradigm.

Deciding whether a particular event is irrelevant, positive, or stressful occurs during A)primary appraisal. B)secondary appraisal. C)coping. D)reappraisal.

According to Lazarus and Folkman, arguing that "I don't have to worry about plane crashes because I never fly" is an example of A)primary appraisal. B)secondary appraisal. C)tertiary appraisal. D)coping.

Evaluating one's ability to control and cope with harm, threat, or challenge occurs during A)primary appraisal. B)secondary appraisal. C)reappraisal. D)emotional adaptation.

After doing poorly on an exam, you ask yourself, "What can I do to improve my performance next time?" This is an example of a A)primary appraisal. B)secondary appraisal. C)tertiary appraisal. D)reappraisal.

A secondary appraisal involves A)making a new primary appraisal. B)evaluating one's ability to cope. C)reassessing an event as benign, positive, or stressful. D)evaluating all stressors in one's life as benign.

When a person makes a new primary or secondary appraisal resulting from a change in the situation, they are making a A)primary appraisal. B)secondary appraisal. C)tertiary appraisal. D)reappraisal.

When you decide to tackle a problem head on, you are using A)emotion-focused coping. B)problem-focused coping. C)tertiary coping. D)primary coping.

After asking yourself, "What can I do to improve my performance on my next exam?" you decide you should read the chapter before lecture so you can pay more attention in class.This is an example of A)primary appraisal. B)reappraisal. C)problem-focused coping. D)emotion-focused coping.

You wake up with the flu one morning, the day after you did poorly on a biology exam and the day you have a big psychology exam.You look at your roommate and scream in frustration and then vent all your pent-up anger. According to the stress and coping paradigm, this is an example of A)primary appraisal. B)reappraisal. C)problem-focused coping. D)emotion-focused coping.

Research indicates that there are age differences in the types of coping strategies used across the life span.For example, older adults are more likely to use than younger adults. A)active coping strategies B)emotion-focused strategies C)personal mastery strategies D)community-focused strategies

Chronic stress has been shown to have serious effects on the immune system, including A)increased risk for viral infections. B)increased risk for atherosclerosis. C)increased risk for hypertension. D)all of these.

All of the following are chronic conditions except A)arthritis. B)diabetes. C)cancer. D)the common cold.

Nearly of all adults in the United States have a chronic health condition. A)10% B)25% C)50% D)65%

People with diabetes mellitus can experience if their sugar level is too high and if their sugar level is too low. A)fever; coma B)coma; fever C)coma; unconsciousness D)unconsciousness; coma

When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, results. A)hypertension B)diabetes mellitus C)heart disease D)diabetic retinopathy

A defect in metabolizing glucose is responsible for the disease known as A)hypertension. B)diabetes. C)heart disease. D)osteoarthritis.

Which of the following usually develops earlier in life and requires the use of insulin? A)Type I diabetes B)Type II diabetes C)Type III diabetes D)Pediatric-onset diabetes

Prevention and treatment of diabetes among older adults involves A)increasing the intake of sugar. B)reducing involvement in exercise. C)a low carbohydrate and low calorie diet. D)increasing intake of red wine.

is the second leading cause of death in the United States, behind cardiovascular disease. A)Type I diabetes B)Cancer C)Stroke D)Alzheimer's disease

The risk of getting cancer A)decreases somewhat with age. B)increases markedly with age. C)does not change with age. D)is unknown.

Which of the following is a major risk factor for the development of skin cancer? A)exercise and a low-fat diet B)exposure to the UV rays of the sun C)having dark-colored skin D)low levels of sex hormones

The most common form of cancer in men is and in women is . A)colon; breast B)lung; breast C)prostate; breast D)lung; colon

Which of the following forms of cancer is thought to have a genetic link? A)breast B)spinal C)stomach D)lung

BRCA1 on chromosome 17 and BRCA2 on chromosome 13 have been linked to a susceptibility for A)lung cancer. B)breast cancer. C)prostate cancer. D)pancreatic cancer.

The American Cancer Society recommends a baseline mammogram for women A)30 years and older. B)40 years and older. C)50 years and older. D)There is no set recommendation.

The American Cancer Society recommends a prostate-specific antigen blood test and the digital rectal exam by the age of A)30. B)40. C)50. D)60.

John frequently feels the urge to urinate and sometimes does not make it to the restroom in time.Because of this, he does not like to be far from a restroom.As a result, John has stopped playing golf and is spending more time at home.John probably has A)incontinence. B)impotence. C)a small bladder. D)endoprostate.

At 85-years-old, Elizabeth has recently begun to lose control of her bladder, which has led to several embarrassing situations when she has been out with friends.Elizabeth is suffering from A)Crohn's disease. B)irritable bowel syndrome. C)incontinence. D)hormonal enuresis.

The condition of urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older adults is only about 20%, but for those living in nursing homes, the number rises to A)35%. B)50%. C)70%. D)90%.

The condition of urinary incontinence in older adults A)is found in more than 90% of the population. B)can often be treated through behavioral methods. C)is the result of an increase in stress. D)can be treated successfully with growth hormones.

is one of the most common complaints of older adults, affecting more than 40% of community- dwelling adults on a regular basis. A)Pain B)Depression C)Sleep apnea D)Decreased mobility

Which of the following statements is not true? A)Pain is a common complaint among older adults. B)Pain is a normal part of aging. C)Pain can be controlled. D)Chronic diseases are often accompanied by pain.

Older adults take more medications on average than any other age group.When over-the-counter drugs are included, this averages to about medications per older adult. A)one to two B)three to four C)six to seven D)ten to twelve

The time needed for medication to make it into the blood stream is called A)absorption. B)distribution. C)metabolism. D)excretion.

Compared with younger adults, older adults' metabolism of medication A)takes more time. B)takes less time. C)takes the same amount of time. D)requires more medication to achieve the same levels in the blood stream.

Due to physiological changes, older adults are at risk for all of the following except A)increased side effects from medication. B)increased risk of toxic effects from medication. C)slower absorption of medication. D)faster excretion of medication.

Older adults are more likely to engage in , the taking of multiple medications, than younger adults. A)multiple pharmacy B)polypharmacy C)self-medication D)medication abuse

Mrs.Granich takes seven medications for a variety of problems.Most of these medications must be taken every day and at specified times during the day.Trying to remember all this makes it hard for Mrs.Granich to take her medication correctly.She could increase her medication compliance by A)only seeing her favorite doctor. B)taking all her medications together first thing in the morning. C)self-medicating. D)reducing the number of medications she takes.

Having difficulty completing daily activities of living due to a chronic condition is known as A)a long-term illness. B)medical pathology. C)a disability. D)psychoneuroimmunology.

Mrs.Smythe became first disabled when she was elderly, at 88-years-old.She then died two years later.This example illustrates A)comorbidity. B)compression of morbidity. C)average longevity. D)frail older adults.

The pathology component of the main pathway of disability consists of A)diagnosis of disease. B)dysfunctions and structural abnormalities. C)restrictions in basic physical and mental actions. D)difficulty performing daily tasks.

Which of the following are not part of the disablement process proposed by Verbrugge and Jette (1994)? A)risk factors B)personal factors C)extraindividual factors D)intraindividual factors

are long­standing behaviors that increase one's chances of a disability. A)Risk factors B)Personal factors C)Extraindividual factors D)Intraindividual factors

An example of an extraindividual intervention is A)beginning an exercise program. B)keeping a positive outlook. C)taking advantage of transportation programs to increase mobility. D)surgery.

Sixty-five-year-old Maggie has joined an exercise program and is trying to keep a positive outlook since her diagnosis of arthritis.These activities are examples of A)risk factors. B)personal factors. C)extraindividual factors. D)intraindividual factors.

Factors that make the situation worse than it originally was are called A)exacerbators. B)amplifiers. C)risk factors. D)functional impairments.

The self-care tasks of eating, bathing, dressing, and walking are termed A)functional activities of daily living. B)instrumental activities of daily living. C)activities of daily living. D)disabilities of daily living.

Robert is having problems with bathing and feeding himself since his stroke.These problems are known as A)functional activities of daily living. B)instrumental activities of daily living. C)activities of daily living. D)disabilities of daily living.

Activities that require some intellectual competence and planning, such as paying bills and taking medications appropriately, are called A)functional activities of daily living. B)instrumental activities of daily living. C)activities of daily living. D)disabilities of daily living.

Bess is having problems keeping track of her bills and checking account.These problems are known as A)functional activities of daily living. B)instrumental activities of daily living. C)activities of daily living. D)disabilities of daily living.

A longitudinal study by Strawbridge and colleagues (1998) found that poorly perceived health, smoking, heaving drinking, and predicted who would become disabled. A)depression B)social islolation C)physical inactivity D)all of these

For people in the United States, the current average longevity from birth is about .

Populations around the world vary as to how long they live on average, from in Sierra Leone in Africa to ________ in Japan.

is the presence of a physical or mental disease or impairment.

Much about the immune system is unknown.For example, a great mystery is how the immune system differentiates between one's own cells and .

Older adults may be more susceptible to infection because of changes in the immune system.

The incidence rate of disease decreases with age, while the incidence rate of disease increases with age.

Researchers speculate that when stressed, men opt for a fight or flight response, whereas women opt for a ____________ approach.

The perceived ability to cope with harm, threat, or challenge is .

The disease occurs when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin.

results from improper contraction of the kidneys, causing the bladder to become overdistended.

The approach to pain management includes the use of narcotic and nonnarcotic medications.

There is much evidence that the process of is much slower in older adults.This means that drugs stay longer in the body as people grow older.

memory, remembering to take one's medication at a future time, is critical to good adherence to a medication regimen.

A person is said to have a when a chronic condition affects a person's ability to engage in necessary, expected, and desired activities.

The United States has higher rates of most and than England or the rest of Europe.

How does the effect of environmental factors on average longevity change over time?

What happens to the cognitive performance of men and women over time?

How does the immune system work?

What are some of the implications as people's immune systems change across time?

Discuss HIV/AIDS in the elderly population.

Describe the differences between acute and chronic illnesses.Give one example of each.

Discuss pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to pain management.Provide examples.

Outline Verbrugge and Jett's model of disability.

What are ADLs and IADLs?

Discuss extraindividual and intraindividual interventions with regard to health and disability.