Question 1

A student who has been doing very well in her psychology class receives a minor critical comment on an essay she wrote as part of an exam.The student thinks, 'This is terrible.I'm probably going to fail the course.' This type of cognitive error in thinking is called

Accepted Answer

Overgeneralisation is when a person makes a broad conclusion based on a single event or piece of evidence, like assuming failure in a course from one minor criticism.

Question 2

Stressful events are strongly related to the onset of

Accepted Answer

Both depression and bipolar disorder have been linked to stressful life events. Research indicates that exposure to chronic stressors, such as childhood abuse or neglect, may increase the risk for developing depression or bipolar disorder later in life. Additionally, major life events such as loss of a loved one or job, relationship problems, or financial difficulties may trigger the onset of these disorders in those who are vulnerable.

Question 3

With regard to the relationship between stress and depression, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Recurrent episodes of depression can also be triggered by major life stress, not just initial episodes.

Question 4

Which of the following factors contribute to the integrative theory of depression?

Accepted Answer

The integrative theory of depression suggests that multiple factors, including stressful life events, stress hormones, and neurotransmitter systems, all contribute to the development of depression.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the sleep of depressed patients?

Accepted Answer

Advanced slow wave sleep is actually characteristic of depressed patients, so the correct answer is the option that does not fit with the sleep characteristics of depressed patients, which is D. Depressed patients typically show delayed slow wave sleep and may have disrupted REM sleep.

Question 6

Negative cognitive styles are associated with a vulnerability to subsequent depression

Accepted Answer

The answer of Negative cognitive styles are associated with a...

Question 7

Recent research suggests that

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that the suppression of neurogenesis in the hippocampus is due to the connection between high stress hormones and depression (A). Low hippocampal volume may precede and contribute to the onset of depression (B). Additionally, electroconvulsive therapy seems to produce neurogenesis in the hippocampus (C). Therefore, all of the above (D) is the best choice.

Question 8

According to recent research on the development of depression, dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook) and hopelessness attributes (explaining things negatively) constitute a _____________ vulnerability to depression.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive vulnerability refers to the tendency to have negative thoughts and beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future. These negative thoughts and beliefs can make a person more likely to develop depression.

Question 9

Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is called

Accepted Answer

Seligman's theory is known as the learned helplessness theory, which suggests that people become anxious and depressed when they perceive they have no control over the outcomes of events in their lives.

Question 10

In Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad, individuals think negatively about all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad involves negative thoughts about oneself, one's immediate world (or environment), and one's future. It does not explicitly include one's past.

Question 11

When individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression place themselves in high-risk stressful environments, it is called

Accepted Answer

The gene-environment correlation model suggests that individuals with a genetic predisposition for a disorder, such as depression, may also have a tendency to create or select environments that increase their exposure to stress, thereby increasing their risk of developing the disorder.

Question 12

Which of the following is perhaps the best-known and widely used SSRI medication?

Accepted Answer

Prozac (also known as fluoxetine) is one of the most commonly prescribed and widely recognized medications in the category of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Valium (diazepam) belongs to a different class of medications called benzodiazepines, Hypericum (St. John's wort) is a natural herbal supplement, and Thorazine (chlorpromazine) is an antipsychotic medication used for severe mental illnesses.

Question 13

The antidepressant medications known as imipramine (Tofranil) and amitriptyline (Tryptanol) are included in the class of drugs called

Accepted Answer

Imipramine and amitriptyline are tricyclic antidepressants, which are named for their three-ring chemical structure.

Question 14

Depressive individuals tend to exhibit

Accepted Answer

Depressive individuals tend to exhibit greater right anterior brain activity, which is associated with negative emotions. Research has shown that there is an imbalance in the activity of the brain's hemispheres in depression, with increased activity in the right hemisphere.

Question 15

Possible reasons for the higher rates of depression found in women include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that women generally place a higher value on intimate relationships compared to men. This suggests that the low value of intimate relationships is not a contributing factor to the higher rates of depression in women. However, culturally induced dependence and passivity, sense of uncontrollability and helplessness, and self-blame for being depressed have all been identified as factors that may contribute to higher rates of depression in women.

Question 16

With regard to social support,

Accepted Answer

Several studies have shown that having social support can help speed recovery from depressive episodes. This support can come from friends, family, or in some cases, support groups. One study found that individuals who had more social support had lower rates of depression and were less likely to experience a relapse. However, it is important to note that not all types of social support are equally helpful and that cultural differences may also play a role in the effectiveness of support.

Question 17

In 1989, Abramson and his colleagues revised Seligman's theory of learnt helplessness, changing the focus from specific attributions to _________ as the crucial factor in depression.

Accepted Answer

Abramson and colleagues revised the theory to emphasize a sense of hopelessness as the key factor in depression, rather than specific attributions.

Question 18

Regarding Beck's views on depression, which of the following definitions of cognitive errors and negative schema is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

Arbitrary inference refers to drawing conclusions without evidence or in the presence of contradictory evidence, typically emphasizing the negative aspects rather than the positive.

Question 19

For individuals who had not been previously depressed, research studies indicate that a marital separation or divorce resulted in

Accepted Answer

The answer of For individuals who had not been previously...

Question 20

Possible reasons for the higher rates of depression found in women relate to the disadvantages experienced by women in the United States such as

Accepted Answer

Both discrimination and poverty, as well as abuse and sexual harassment, are known to be more prevalent in women's lives than in men's lives. These social and economic disadvantages can contribute to higher rates of depression among women.

Quiz 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide