Quiz 10: Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders and Gender Dysphoria

Gender dysphoria is characterised by dissatisfaction with A)sexual experiences. B)gender role expectations. C)one's biological sex. D)media portrayals of gender.

Among men and women surveyed in the USA, Britain and France, _________were sexually experienced. A)almost 100% B)just over 40% C)approximately 75% D)about 12%

According to recent US surveys, the following statement is true regarding the sexual activity of the elderly: A)Very few individuals remain sexually active beyond age 70. B)More than half of the individuals over age 70 remain sexually active. C)80% of males and 50% of women aged 75-79 remain sexually active. D)38.5% of males and 16.7% of women aged 75-85 remain sexually active.

The largest difference in sexual behaviour for men versus women is that A)men are more likely to engage in premarital sex. B)women are more likely to engage in premarital sex. C)men are more likely to masturbate. D)women are more likely to masturbate.

Differences in male and female attitudes toward sexuality have generally ___________ over the past 40 years. A)decreased B)increased C)remained the same D)disappeared completely

Data from research studies on gender differences in human sexuality reflect all of the following themes EXCEPT A)men masturbate more than women. B)men are more permissive about casual premarital sex than women. C)men are less accepting about homosexuality than women. D)men and women value sexual satisfaction equally.

Gender differences in attitudes toward premarital sex have been _____ over time. A)shrinking B)increasing C)fluctuating D)unreliable

Data from research studies on gender differences in human sexuality reflect all of the following themes EXCEPT A)men show more sexual desire and arousal than women. B)men emphasise committed relationships more than women. C)men's self-concept is characterised in part by power, aggression and independence. D)women's sexual beliefs are more influenced by cultural, social and situational factors.

In Sweden, where attitudes toward sexuality are somewhat more permissive than they are in the United States, the percentage of Swedish women reporting use of contraception during their first sexual intercourse was A)significantly higher than it was for American women. B)significantly lower than it was for American women. C)approximately the same as it was for American women. D)just about 100%.

Research regarding sexual orientation suggests that homosexuality is A)purely genetic. B)that sexual orientation has an exclusively biological cause. C)based on learning and choice only. D)influenced by biological/genetic, psychological and social factors.

Joe is homosexual and has an identical (monozygotic) twin named Sam.The following statement is TRUE: A)Sam is more likely than the general population to be homosexual. B)Sam is no more likely than the general population to be homosexual. C)Sam is homosexual also. D)Sam is only likely to become homosexual if Joe is a positive role model.

Of those identical (monozygotic) twins where one twin is homosexual, the other twin is also homosexual in 50% of cases.This means A)homosexuality is determined by genetics. B)genes are only one influence of sexual orientation. C)the environment determines sexual orientation. D)genes are not an influence of sexual orientation.

Which of the following does NOT support the fact that homosexuality is related to differential hormone exposure in utero? A)Homosexual males are more likely to be left-handed or mixed-handed than right-handed. B)Males and masculine lesbians often have a longer fourth ring finger than index finger. C)Homosexual males have smaller feet than heterosexual males. D)The actual structure of the brain in homosexuals might be different to that of heterosexuals.

Statistically, homosexual males are more likely to have grown up with A)older brothers. B)older sisters. C)younger brothers. D)younger sisters.

Sexual dysfunctions are A)more common in heterosexuals than homosexuals. B)more common in homosexuals than heterosexuals. C)equally common in heterosexuals and homosexuals. D)generally not reported, so little is known about their incidence.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages of sexual response? A)desire B)arousal C)orgasm D)refractory period

Sexual dysfunction can be a(n) _______________ condition. A)lifelong B)acquired C)situational D)all of the above

Sexual problems are difficult to diagnose when A)dysfunction is present and the person is distressed about it. B)dysfunction is present but the person is not distressed about it. C)the couple has been together a long time. D)the couple is sexually inexperienced.

Happily married couples typically report A)occasional sexual dysfunction that does not result in sexual dissatisfaction. B)occasional sexual dysfunction that is associated with sexual dissatisfaction. C)very little sexual dysfunction. D)sexual dysfunction on the part of women but not men.

Of the following, the individual most likely to receive an appropriate diagnosis of male hypoactive sexual desire disorder is A)Charl, who fantasises about sex often, but is so exhausted when he gets home that he only has sex about twice a month. B)John, who thinks about sex, but does not have sexual relations because he thinks it is morally wrong to do so unless the goal is procreation. C)Philemon, whose wife wishes he thought about sex more often because he seems satisfied having sex a few times a month. D)Fred, who has sex at least once a week to satisfy his wife, but would prefer to be left alone since he is rarely interested in sex.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about desires of sexual disorder? A)More than 65% of the people who come to sexuality clinics for help complain of this disorder. B)It is the most common presenting complaint of both men and women. C)For women, the prevalence of female sexual interest/arousal disorder decreases with age. D)For men, the prevalence of male hypoactive sexual desire disorder decreases with age.

A person who suffers from a disorder of sexual desire may A)never think about sex. B)never have sex. C)have sex (even frequently), but not because of desire. D)all of the above

The main feature of sexual arousal disorders is A)lack of desire for sex despite normal physical sexual response. B)sexual arousal to inappropriate stimuli. C)the experience of pain during sex. D)lack of physical sexual response despite desire for sex.

Sexual arousal disorders are diagnosed when there is an A)inability to achieve or maintain an erection in males and a lack of desire for sex in females. B)inability to achieve or maintain an erection in males and a lack of orgasm in females. C)inability to achieve orgasm for either gender despite erection in males and lubrication in females. D)inability to achieve or maintain an erection in males and a lack of lubrication in females.

The prevalence of sexual arousal disorders appears to be A)much higher for men than it is for women. B)much lower for men than it is for women. C)about the same in both sexes. D)slightly lower for men than it is for women.

The percentage of women reporting significant difficulty reaching orgasm is A)5%. B)10%. C)25%. D)40%.

One reason that different diagnostic criteria are used for males and females with inhibited orgasm disorder is that A)many men who do not achieve orgasm through intercourse can reach climax through alternative forms of stimulation. B)only about 20% of women regularly experience orgasm from intercourse. C)both a and b are correct D)neither a nor b is correct

Sandra and Luyanda have been happily married for several years.Sandra reports that she reaches orgasm from intercourse only about half of the time and wonders if something is 'wrong' with her.Sandra should A)seek treatment for inhibited orgasm disorder. B)realise that her inhibited orgasm problem means that she doesn't really love Jim. C)relax and realise that this is not unusual for women. D)have a medical exam before assuming that she has a diagnosable psychological disorder.

Annelize and Gerhard have been happily married for several years.Gerhard reports that, despite being sexually aroused and having an erection, he only reaches orgasm from intercourse about half of the time.Gerhard wonders if something is 'wrong' with him.Gerhard should A)seek treatment for inhibited orgasm disorder. B)realise that this problem means that he does not really love his wife. C)relax and realise that this is normal. D)seek treatment for sexual aversion disorder.

The following paring is correct based on the ages most affected by the disorders: A)inexperienced men ­ premature ejaculation; older men - vaginismus B)inexperienced men - premature ejaculation; older men - erectile dysfunction. C)inexperienced men - inhibited orgasm; older men - erectile dysfunction. D)inexperienced men ­ erectile dysfunction; older men - male hypoactive sexual arousal disorder.

The most common of all the male sexual dysfunctions is A)erectile dysfunction. B)inhibited orgasm. C)premature ejaculation. D)sexual aversion.

One reason that it is difficult to provide a precise diagnosis of premature ejaculation is that A)the concept of 'too soon' is dependent on the individual and the couple. B)most men are too ashamed to admit the problem. C)women generally are reluctant to tell their partners of the problem. D)men are often unaware of what is considered 'normal'.

Premature ejaculations are A)clearly defined by the amount of time between penetration and climax. B)generally the result of the perceived lack of control rather than actual time. C)always a sign of serious sexual problems. D)more likely in men with a higher level of sexual experience.

Vaginismus refers to A)painful pelvic spasms during penetration. B)painful cramps during the menstrual cycle. C)strong orgasms. D)a disorder of male sexual responsivity.

One reason that your text suggests questionnaires be used when assessing sexual behaviour is that A)people may provide more sexual information in writing than during an interview. B)written information regarding sexuality has been shown to be more accurate than a verbal report. C)therapists are often uncomfortable asking questions regarding sexual behaviour. D)the therapist needs a written record in the patient's own words to demonstrate progress as the patient improves.

One of the most important skills that therapists must possess when conducting an interview regarding sexual behaviour is A)communicating their own sexual values. B)using only the proper clinical terms for sexual behaviour. C)demonstrating that they are comfortable talking about sexual issues. D)being able to diagnose the medical causes of sexual dysfunction.

Psychophysiological assessment of sexual dysfunction is generally conducted by A)using a device that measures physical arousal during exposure to an erotic video or audio tape. B)asking patients to keep a diary of their sexual activities. C)a physician during a medical exam. D)using a device that measures brain waves during exposure to an erotic video or audio tape.

An instrument that is used to assess physical changes in a woman's vagina as she experiences sexual arousal and is smaller than a tampon is called a vaginal A)photoplethysmograph. B)strain gauge. C)EMG device. D)snap gauge.

Two very common medical causes of erectile dysfunction are A)asthma and diabetes. B)vascular disease and diabetes. C)vascular disease and asthma. D)arthritis and diabetes.

Some research suggests that as many as 80% of individuals taking ___________ medication experience some degree of sexual dysfunction, though estimates closer to 50% seem much more reliable. A)SSRI B)beta blocker C)tricyclic antidepressant D)anti-hypertensive

Sherri and Leo have been having some sexual difficulties lately.Both have experienced some symptoms of sexual arousal disorders.They decide to have a few glasses of wine before engaging in sex tonight.Is this a good idea or a bad idea? A)It's a good idea since wine could increase desire. B)It's a good idea since wine could help performance. C)It's a bad idea since wine could further impair arousal. D)It's a bad idea since wine tends to decrease desire.

The effects of alcohol on sexual behaviour can be summarised as A)alcohol decreases desire and performance. B)alcohol may increase desire but it decreases performance. C)alcohol may increase performance but it decreases desire. D)alcohol may increase desire, but nobody wants to sleep with a drunk!

Who will be most likely to have a sexual dysfunction? A)Sihle, a 28-year-old who sometimes gets overexcited and ejaculates after a couple of minutes. B)Henry, who is 65 and once had a heart attack. C)Lebo, who is 33 and sexually inexperienced. D)Queenie, who is 65 and has sex only once a week.

Our current understanding of the psychological causes of sexual dysfunction suggests that the primary psychological factor in sexual dysfunction is ________________. A)anxiety B)distraction C)relationship issues D)unreasonable expectations

The original concept of performance anxiety as a cause of sexual dysfunction has been replaced with a more modern view that performance anxiety is comprised of A)distraction, cognition and depression. B)arousal, anxiety and distraction. C)cognition, arousal and distraction. D)arousal, cognitive processes and negative affect.

As a typical male with erectile dysfunction, we can expect Moosa to show A)decreased arousal during performance demand and an inaccurate sense of how aroused he is. B)decreased arousal during performance demand and an accurate sense of how aroused he is. C)increased arousal during performance demand and an inaccurate sense of how aroused he is. D)increased arousal during performance demand and an accurate sense of how aroused he is.

Greg often has problems with premature ejaculation.As he becomes more anxious about his problem, the amount of time between initiating intercourse and ejaculation will most likely A)increase. B)decrease. C)remain the same. D)depend upon what is making him anxious.

The most accurate description for the condition called erotophobia is A)negative feelings toward sexuality. B)negative feelings about other people. C)fear of sex. D)fear of being raped.

Sexual dysfunction is often related to A)dislike for partner. B)perception of self as less attractive than before. C)guilt about sex. D)all of the above

Children or young adults who experience sexual victimisation are A)no more likely to experience sexual dysfunction as adults than anyone else. B)more likely to experience sexual dysfunction as adults if they are females. C)more likely to experience sexual dysfunction as adults if they are males. D)more likely to experience sexual dysfunction as adults.

An unusually high concern with nocturnal emissions has been reported in ___________, where there is a strong culturally held belief that the loss of semen causes depletion of physical and mental energy. A)Ireland B)Indonesia C)India D)Iceland

Belief in common sexual myths are more commonly held by men A)who do not have sexual disorders. B)with conservative sexual attitudes. C)who have sexual disorders. D)who are homosexual.

The development of sexual dysfunction can be viewed as a negative cycle that involves a variety of factors, since the typical case progresses in the following manner: A)Initial dysfunction may be triggered by an event such as substance use; concern about the dysfunction then leads to more dysfunction, and sex itself becomes associated with negative feelings. B)Initial dysfunction may be triggered by an event such as substance use; this causes a strain on the relationship and reduces the intimacy in the relationship, which then leads to anxiety about one's desirability. C)Initial dysfunction occurs through slow and gradual deterioration, possibly due to a medical condition; as the medical condition develops, the individual's concern with failing sexuality increases, resulting in relationship problems. D)A general medical condition triggers the first dysfunction, which is followed by increased anxiety; as the anxiety increases, the sexual dysfunction becomes more severe over time and causes loss of interest in sex.

The authors of your textbook suggest that one of the most effective treatments for many sexual dysfunctions is A)exploration of the patient's sexual orientation. B)improving the relationship with the patient's partner. C)education regarding normal sexuality. D)anti-anxiety medication.

Maggie and Jim have started sex therapy to deal with Jim's recent erectile dysfunction.The therapist has instructed them to refrain from intercourse or genital touching but to spend the next several days enjoying each other through hugging, kissing and mutual massage.This is an example of A)phase one of sensate focus treatment. B)phase two of sensate focus treatment. C)a strict behavioural treatment for erectile dysfunction. D)the first step in cognitive therapy for erectile dysfunction.

Sensate focus and nondemand pleasuring were designed by Masters and Johnson to treat sexual dysfunctions primarily through A)improving a couple's sexual skills. B)identifying medical conditions that contribute to sexual dysfunction. C)involving an objective third party. D)the elimination of psychologically based performance anxiety.

Phase two of sensate focus involves 'genital pleasuring' but prohibits intercourse or orgasm.The main purpose of this stage is to A)allow an individual to communicate his or her desires to the partner. B)change the usual ways in which the couple has tried to have sex. C)allow sexual experience without the anxiety of performance. D)provide increased anticipation of intercourse.

As a couple completes phase two of sensate focus therapy, they are instructed to A)return to full, prior sexual activity. B)slowly begin sexual activity, continuing non-demand pleasuring as they progress. C)take a break from sexual activity for several weeks and then slowly return to normal sexuality. D)begin the 'genital pleasuring' stage of the treatment.

Masters and Johnson reported that the use of sensate focus therapy for the treatment of premature ejaculation was effective in _________ of cases treated. A)50% B)65% C)75% D)almost 100%

Treatment effectiveness studies of Masters and Johnson's sensate focus therapy have indicated that A)certain aspects of the treatment, such as two therapists and daily therapy, are not necessary. B)many therapists using Masters and Johnson's techniques are able to demonstrate even greater treatment effectiveness than Masters and Johnson did. C)daily treatment is a critical component of the method. D)sensate focus is generally only effective when administered by Masters and Johnson.

Sex therapy for erectile dysfunction has produced a positive treatment outcome in approximately _____ of the cases treated. A)20-30% B)40-50% C)60-70% D)80-90%

The sex therapy technique designed specifically to treat premature ejaculation is A)the squeeze technique. B)sensate focus. C)non-demand pleasuring. D)cognitive restructuring.

The specific treatment found effective in the management of female orgasmic disorder is ____________. A)anti-anxiety medication. B)sensate focus. C)explicit training in masturbation procedures. D)increased sexual relations.

A woman is sent home from sex therapy with an assignment to purchase a vibrator and practise masturbating.It is likely she is being treated A)for vaginismus. B)for hypoactive sexual desire disorder. C)for female orgasmic disorder. D)by a sex therapist with little or no formal training in psychology.

Dilators of gradually increasing sizes are used in the treatment of A)female orgasmic disorder. B)vaginismus. C)hypoactive sexual desire disorder. D)all of these

According to your textbook, what is the percentage of women who successfully overcome vaginismus? A)less than 30% B)30-45% C)50-75% D)80-100%

The percentage of men with erectile dysfunction who take Viagra and are then able to maintain an erection sufficient for intercourse is between A)5% and 40%. B)50% and 80%. C)80% and 90%. D)90% and 100%.

What significant side effect is experienced by as many as 30% of Viagra users? A)severe headache B)addiction C)groin pain D)dizziness

Research studies on Viagra users indicate that A)most users are able to engage in intercourse and are very satisfied with the results. B)approximately half of the users are able to engage in intercourse and are highly satisfied with results. C)61% of men were able to get erections adequate for intercourse, but only 32% rated the results as 'good'. D)most users were unable to engage in intercourse and were not satisfied with results.

Papaverine and prostaglandin, vasodilating drugs used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, are delivered to the patient A)in a capsule taken orally. B)as a dietary supplement. C)by injection directly into the penis. D)by injection into the arm or hip.

Although vasodilating drugs such as papaverine and prostaglandin are effective in producing an erection for patients with erectile dysfunction, many patients discontinue use of the drugs because of A)the painful nature of the treatment. B)the fact that these drugs eventually cure the disorder. C)the expense of the drug. D)the fact that the effectiveness of the drug decreases with continued use.

Which of the following treatments is NOT currently used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction? A)vasodilating drugs B)anti-anxiety medication C)surgical prosthetic implant D)vacuum device therapy

Therapy for sexual dysfunctions such as disorders of sexual desire can best be described as A)well studied and widely available. B)well studied but only available in speciality clinics. C)not well studied and not available in all locations. D)not well studied but generally available everywhere.

A paraphilic disorder is defined as A)a sexual dysfunction. B)an attraction to inappropriate individuals or objects. C)an attraction to machines. D)a desire that dominates the personality.

The definition of fetishistic disorder is sexual A)dysfunction. B)attraction to inappropriate individuals. C)attraction to nonliving objects. D)desire that dominates the personality.

Charles gets very sexually excited by women's shoes.While he used to fantasise about women wearing particular shoes, he now focuses almost exclusively on the shoes themselves.Charles has a(n) A)sexual dysfunction. B)unusual interest but not a diagnosable disorder. C)fetishistic disorder. D)frotteuristic obsession.

Greg and Gugu often begin their sexual activity with Greg putting on a striptease show for Gugu.They both report great satisfaction and excitement with this activity.In fact, Greg says that he gets aroused by exposing himself, and Gugu reports getting aroused when she watches him undress.Which of the following statements is true? A)Greg is an exhibitionist and Gugu is a voyeur. B)Greg is a voyeur and Gugu is an exhibitionist. C)Both Gugu and Greg have nonspecific fetishes because they admit to getting sexually excited by their atypical behaviours. D)Neither Greg nor Gugu should be diagnosed with a fetish because these behaviours involve consenting individuals.

One psychological aspect of voyeurism and exhibitionism that seems to maintain the disordered behaviour is A)some anxiety that increases arousal. B)the fact that these individuals are rarely caught. C)the desire to hurt their victims. D)some sense that their victims really enjoy being subjected to their fetish.

All of the following are true statements regarding transvestic disorder EXCEPT A)all people with transvestic disorder are either homosexual or transsexual. B)a significant percentage of individuals with this disorder are married or have been married at some time. C)there are cross-dressing clubs and newsletters for individuals with this fetish. D)some transvestic fetishists compensate by joining macho or paramilitary organisations.

Those with ____________ are individuals who receive a sexual thrill from inflicting pain on others, and people with ____________ are individuals who receive a sexual thrill from receiving physical pain. A)sexual sadism; sexual masochism B)sexual masochism; sexual sadism C)transvestic disorder; paedophilic disorder D)paedophilic disorder; transvestic disorder

Sadistic rape differs from 'opportunistic' rape in that it is committed by an individual A)who meets the criteria for antisocial personality disorder. B)with a particular pattern of sexual arousal. C)who rarely masturbates. D)during an unplanned assault.

Which of the following is TRUE about most rapists? A)They are sexually aroused only by violence. B)They are aggressive and have little regard for others. C)They are either hyposexual or asexual. D)They are hypersexual and generally obsessed with sex.

Victims of incest tend to be ____________, and victims of paedophilia (who are not also incest victims) tend to be ___________. A)male; female B)young children; girls who are beginning to mature physically C)girls who are beginning to mature physically; young children D)female; male

The typical adult who molests a child A)is violent and aggressive. B)threatens the child physically but is not violent. C)does not use physical force. D)is fully aware of the psychological damage being done to the child.

One model of learning predicts that the following boy might grow up to be a voyeur: A)Thabo, whose father is a voyeur. B)Joe, who watches a lot of pornography. C)Sid, who masturbates while peeping at his neighbour. D)Masilo, who thinks it's funny to spy on people.

The procedure that is carried out entirely in the patient's imagination and used to reduce the inappropriate sexual arousal that exists in fetishistic behaviour is called A)classical conditioning. B)sexual retraining. C)sensate focus. D)covert sensitisation.

The basic concept behind the covert sensitisation method of treating unwanted sexual arousal is to A)create empathy for the victim of the behaviour. B)replace the immediate reinforcement of the behaviour with the unpleasant consequences that ordinarily take longer to be experienced. C)create a physically painful experience to replace the immediate reinforcement that the unwanted behaviour has previously produced. D)improve family functioning, social skills and overall effectiveness of appropriate adult relations.

Patients undergoing the procedure called orgasmic reconditioning are instructed to A)masturbate to their usual fantasies but to substitute more desirable ones just before ejaculation. B)masturbate to their usual fantasies but substitute images of the consequences associated with their behaviour (such as getting caught, hurting someone else, etc.) just before ejaculation. C)substitute images of the consequences associated with their behaviour (such as getting caught, hurting someone else, etc.) every time they feel aroused by thoughts of their inappropriate desires. D)repeatedly watch video tapes of normal adult sexuality until such images result in arousal.

The procedure called orgasmic reconditioning works according to the principle of A)punishment of inappropriate patterns of arousal . B)extinction of inappropriate patterns of arousal. C)reinforcement of appropriate patterns of arousal. D)reinforcement of self-control.

Research regarding the success of treating paraphilias with procedures such as orgasmic reconditioning and covert sensitisation indicates that A)treatment is generally not successful. B)treatment is successful in only the small number of cases where the patient completes all treatment sessions. C)the number of cases in the research studies is too small to make conclusions at this point. D)treatment is generally effective.

Treatment for paraphilias is considered successful when someone has A)completed all treatment sessions. B)demonstrated no deviant sexual arousal on objective physiological testing. C)had no legal record of any charges of deviant sexual activity. D)all of the above

Which of the following is TRUE regarding drugs currently available for the treatment of paraphilias? A)The drugs eliminate sexual desire but are only effective while they are being taken. B)The drugs reduce sex drive and continue to be effective long after the patient stops the medication. C)The drugs dramatically reduce sex drive but have side effects that make them harmful to many patients. D)They produce a 'chemical castration' that effectively eliminates all sex drive permanently so that the patient will never desire sex even after discontinuing the medication.

Gender dysphoria is diagnosed when A)a person's physical sex is inconsistent with the person's gender identity. B)an individual receives sexual pleasure from cross-dressing. C)an individual is born with ambiguous genitalia. D)all of the above

Inappropriate sexual arousal (e.g.fetishism) appears to be learnt through A)exposure to pornography. B)masturbatory fantasies about the object. C)social 'scripts' that are transferred from one generation to the next. D)poor social skills.

Of the following, the individual who should be diagnosed with gender dysphoria is A)Joe, who gets sexually aroused by wearing women's bras. B)Lisa, who is gay and has many traditional masculine traits. C)Mpho, who feels like a woman trapped in a man's body. D)Sipho, who can only become sexually aroused while dressed like a woman.

The incidence of gender dysphoria A)is higher than that of transvestic disorder. B)occurs three times more frequently in natal males than natal females. C)is based on studies in Norway, the United States and England. D)is moderate, with about 5% or more of the population affected.

According to research on gender dysphoria, A)genetics contribute around 62% of the vulnerability to experiencing gender dysphoria. B)environment and genetics contribute equally to the cause. C)it cannot be determined, as yet, regarding the extent of the genetic and environmental contributions to the cause. D)none of the above

Recent twin studies suggest that the majority of the vulnerability for gender dysphoria comes from A)genetic factors. B)environmental factors. C)medical accidents. D)media exposure.

Studies suggest that in comparison to other girls and boys, girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are A)more feminine. B)more masculine. C)smaller. D)smarter.

A boy who consistently behaves in feminine ways is exhibiting A)gender non-activation. B)gender experimentation. C)gender crises. D)gender nonconformity.

All of the following statements are correct about gender nonconformity EXCEPT A)a higher proportion of gender-nonconforming children develop a homosexual orientation as adults. B)gender nonconformity was related to psychological distress for gay men only. C)gender nonconformity was related to psychological distress for lesbians only. D)gender nonconformity was related to psychological distress for gay men and lesbians.

Research suggests that gender nonconformity typically results in A)gender identity issues. B)homosexual preferences. C)Bisexuality. D)none of the above

All of the following are factors that may play a role in gender nonconformity EXCEPT A)excessive attention on the part of the mother. B)high levels of foetal testosterone. C)lack of male playmates. D)excessive physical contact on the part of the mother.

All of the following statements about sex reassignment surgery are true EXCEPT A)2% attempt suicide after surgery. B)15% later regret surgery. C)Transmen generally report better post-surgical adjustment than transwomen. D)All of the above are true.

Intersexuality refers to people who A)are born with ambiguous genitals. B)are sexually attracted to members of both sexes. C)like to dress like the opposite sex. D)are no longer sexually active.

The new approaches to understanding and treating intersexed individuals that have been proposed recently (Fausto-Sterling, 2000) are based on the concept of 'five sexes', which include all of the following EXCEPT A)'herms' B)'merms' and 'ferms' C)males and females D)'andros' and 'estros'

Describe the impact of culture on the definition of a sexual disorder.What cross-cultural evidence suggests that 'normal' sexual behaviour is culturally defined?

Describe the evidence for the genetic and/or biological basis for homosexuality as well as the evidence for environmental influences on sexual preference.

Explain the features of the treatment options (psychosocial and surgical sex reassignment) for gender identity disorder.Why is it so important for the patient to consider treatment options very carefully?

Describe and contrast male erectile disorder and female sexual arousal disorder with inhibited orgasmic disorders.

Describe the symptoms of three different forms of paraphilia.What do all paraphilias have in common?