Question 1

Identify which of the following prohibits the state practice of torture and which has been ratified by 155 countries.

Accepted Answer

The International Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment, established in 1984, specifically prohibits the practice of torture and has been ratified by a significant number of countries, indicating widespread international agreement on this issue.

Question 2

Identify which of the following renounced war as a mode of conflict resolution.

Accepted Answer

The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 (not 1932 as listed) was a treaty that explicitly renounced war as an instrument of national policy.

Question 3

Identify which of the following established that all individuals are born free.

Accepted Answer

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) established that all individuals are born free and equal in dignity and rights, as stated in its Article 1.

Question 4

Nuremberg Trials dealt with matters of international crimes during wartime.

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals held after World War II to bring Nazi war criminals to justice, dealing with matters of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

Question 5

Negative rights impose obligations on governments towards individuals.

Accepted Answer

Negative rights require governments to refrain from interfering with individual freedoms, rather than imposing obligations to act on behalf of individuals.

Question 6

Identify which part of the International Military Tribunal holds individuals responsible for international trials, regardless of whether they are military, governmental leaders, or low-level combatants.

Accepted Answer

Individual liability is the principle that holds individuals personally responsible for their actions in international trials, regardless of their rank or position.

Question 7

American law allows the government to engage in assassination abroad.

Accepted Answer

American law generally prohibits assassination, as outlined in Executive Order 12333, which bans U.S. government employees from engaging in or conspiring to engage in political assassination.

Question 8

Historically waterboarding was not viewed as torture.

Accepted Answer

Historically, waterboarding was not widely considered torture until the 20th century.

Question 9

Physical abuse of family members counts as physical torture.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Physical abuse of family members counts as...

Question 10

Identify which of the following forced Germany to agree to hand over accused war criminals for prosecution before Allied and multinational tribunal.

Accepted Answer

The Versailles Peace Treaty, signed in 1919, ended World War I and included provisions that forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations. It also contained Article 231, known as the "War Guilt Clause," which held Germany responsible for the war and laid the groundwork for legal actions against German war criminals, although the specific mechanism for prosecution was not fully established until after World War II with the Nuremberg Trials.

Question 11

Identify which part of the International Military Tribunal describes international crimes as including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace.

Accepted Answer

The International Military Tribunal describes international crimes, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace, under the category of "international crimes." This encompasses the legal basis for prosecuting individuals for actions that violate international laws governing conduct during war and peace.

Question 12

World War I inspired the formation of the ______.

Accepted Answer

The League of Nations was established in 1920 as a direct result of World War I, with the aim of maintaining world peace and preventing another such conflict.

Question 13

The use of torture as an expression of discrimination against a group because of race refers to which purpose of torture?

Accepted Answer

Torture used as a means of discrimination against a group because of their race falls under the purpose of discrimination. This is because it specifically targets individuals or groups based on racial characteristics, rather than for punishment, coercion, or extracting confessions.

Question 14

Which part of the International Military Tribunal describes that superior orders are not a defense to criminal liability although may be considered in mitigation?

Accepted Answer

The part of the International Military Tribunal that describes that superior orders are not a defense to criminal liability, although they may be considered in mitigation, is specifically referred to as "superior orders." This principle establishes that following orders from a superior does not absolve individuals from responsibility for war crimes or other violations of international law, but it can be taken into account to lessen the severity of the punishment.

Question 15

Identify which of the following is NOT a nonderogable right.

Accepted Answer

Nonderogable rights are those rights that cannot be suspended or limited, even in times of public emergency. Choices A, B, and C (freedom from slavery, freedom from ex post facto punishment, and freedom of conscience) are examples of nonderogable rights, meaning they cannot be taken away. Choice D (rights that can be modified) does not fit the definition of a nonderogable right, as nonderogable rights are by nature unable to be modified or limited.

Question 16

These rights impose certain obligations on governments toward individuals.

Accepted Answer

Positive rights require governments to take action to ensure individuals have access to certain services or benefits, thus imposing obligations on the government.

Question 17

In which year did Congress formally integrate human rights into U.S. foreign policy?

Accepted Answer

In 1974, Congress formally integrated human rights into U.S. foreign policy with the passage of legislation that required the State Department to report on the human rights practices of countries receiving U.S. aid.

Question 18

The International Criminal Court held that rape is a form of torture.

Accepted Answer

Prosecutor v. Akayesu was the first case in which the International Criminal Court held that rape is a form of torture.

Question 19

The right to life is protected by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) explicitly protects the right to life in Article 6.

Question 20

Identify which of the following is NOT a principle established by the Nuremberg trials.

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg trials established that "following orders" is not a sufficient defense against charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity, thereby rejecting the notion that superior orders can completely absolve individuals of criminal liability.

Quiz 13: International Human Rights and International Crime