Question 1

In which of the following cases is low serotonin activity NOT likely to lead to destructive or impulsive behaviours?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In which of the following cases is...

Question 2

You are standing on your roof and almost fall off.In this instance, you feel an incredible surge of arousal.Which term refers to the alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies?

Accepted Answer

The flight-or-fight response is the body's reaction to a perceived threat or danger, activating the sympathetic nervous system and releasing stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. This response prepares the body for either fighting or fleeing, and can lead to physical symptoms such as increased heart rate and breathing, dilated pupils, and sweating. In the given scenario, almost falling off the roof would trigger this response, which could explain the surge of arousal experienced.

Question 3

Which model is characterized by the idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter anxious life events?

Accepted Answer

The gene-environment model suggests that genetic predispositions can influence the likelihood of encountering certain environmental situations, such as stressful or anxious life events.

Question 4

What do the evil eye, the Latin American disorder susto, and the Haitian phenomenon of voodoo death all exemplify?

Accepted Answer

The evil eye, susto, and voodoo death all exemplify the influence of the social environment on physical and psychological health. These cultural phenomena are deeply rooted in cultural beliefs and have societal implications for how people understand and interact with illness and disease. These cultural beliefs can influence health outcomes and serve as a reminder of how important it is to consider the impact of culture on health.

Question 5

Identify and describe the two major components of the peripheral nervous system and discuss their roles in various psychological disorders.Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions often operate in a complementary fashion during periods of stress.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify and describe the two major components...

Question 6

Which therapy approach, developed by Albert Ellis, emphasizes cognitive procedures and techniques focused on irrational beliefs?

Accepted Answer

Rational-emotive therapy was developed by Albert Ellis and emphasizes cognitive procedures and techniques focused on irrational beliefs.

Question 7

Which of the following is most likely if Terry has a more optimistic personality than his brother Barry?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is most likely...

Question 8

According to a lifespan psychologist, to understand a patient's disorder, what must one also understand?

Accepted Answer

Lifespan psychologists recognize the importance of considering how experiences during different periods of development may influence an individual's vulnerability to psychological disorders. This includes understanding the impact of early attachment experiences, childhood adversity, and other developmental factors. While understanding how the individual has resolved interpersonal conflicts and mastered developmental tasks can also be important, they do not specifically address the impact of development on vulnerability to psychological disorders. The psychosexual stages, as described by Freud, have been critiqued by many contemporary researchers and are not widely used by lifespan psychologists as a framework for understanding psychological disorders.

Question 9

Dr.Jenkins argues that it is possible to inherit certain genes that could develop into a disorder, even though the disorder may never be activated unless conditions of trauma, challenge, or anxiety are experienced.Which model supports Dr.Jenkins's hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The diathesis-stress model proposes that individuals inherit certain genetic vulnerabilities (diathesis) that increase the risk for developing a disorder, but that the disorder will only manifest if certain environmental stressors or triggers are present. This supports Dr. Jenkins's hypothesis that certain genes could develop into a disorder under particular circumstances. The other models (psycho-social, genetic, reciprocal gene-environment) do not specifically address the interaction between genetics and environmental factors in the development of disorders.

Question 10

Your very shy and withdrawn uncle spent most of his teen years in a hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical injury.He has been diagnosed with social phobia that you believe is entirely due to his lack of socialization during his teen years.Which of the following best describes your theory?

Accepted Answer

Your theory is one-dimensional because it attributes your uncle's social phobia to a single cause, which is his lack of socialization during his teen years, without considering other potential factors or influences.

Question 11

What is emotion generally thought to comprise?

Accepted Answer

Emotion is generally thought to comprise of behaviour, physiology, and cognition. This means that emotions are not just what we feel, but also how we behave and the physical reactions in our bodies. Our thoughts and perceptions also play a role in shaping our emotions. Mood and affect are important aspects of emotion, but they are not sufficient in defining it.

Question 12

How can neurotransmitters negatively affect psychological functioning?

Accepted Answer

When production of neurotransmitters is either excessive or insufficient, it can negatively affect psychological functioning. For example, a deficiency in serotonin has been linked to depression, while an excess of dopamine has been associated with schizophrenia.

Question 13

Describe the basic components of the reciprocal gene-environment model.Describe the method and findings of one study described in your textbook that illustrates this model.How might this model be misinterpreted by some people?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the basic components of the reciprocal...

Question 14

Insel and colleagues (1988) conducted a study in which rhesus monkeys were raised either with a sense of control or without a sense of control, and they were later exposed to an anxiety-inducing drug.What did the researchers conclude?

Accepted Answer

The researchers concluded that the psychological history of the individual, specifically whether they had a sense of control or not, influenced how they responded to the anxiety-inducing drug. This suggests that neurotransmitters can have different effects on behaviour depending on the individual's psychological background.

Question 15

Psychoactive medications (drugs that impact our thoughts, emotions, and behaviour) usually work as either agonists or antagonists for various neurotransmitters.Explain how both an agonist and an antagonist operate on a neurotransmitter.Explain the process of reuptake inhibition and the effect it has on a neurotransmitter.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychoactive medications (drugs that impact our thoughts,...

Question 16

Which of the following can be created by placing a rat in a cage where occasionally electrical shocks are administered through the floor, over which the rat has no control?

Accepted Answer

The scenario described is an example of learned helplessness, where the rat learns to passively endure the shocks because they feel helpless to avoid or control them.

Question 17

What does the term "equifinality" refer to?

Accepted Answer

Equifinality refers to the fact that multiple paths or causes can lead to the same outcome. This emphasizes the importance of considering individual differences and the complexity of psychopathology.

Question 18

Describe the diathesis-stress model.Use the model to explain how one monozygotic twin suffers from clinical depression while the other does not.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the diathesis-stress model.Use the model to...

Question 19

Socialization is considered one of the most important parts of human experience.Describe gender differences in animal phobias, depression, and panic disorder.Give examples of how differential gender socialization may contribute to these differences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Socialization is considered one of the most...

Question 20

Explain the difference between the modern cognitive science view of the unconscious and the Freudian idea of the unconscious.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the difference between the modern cognitive...

Quiz 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology